Impact of the Digital Divide

Impact of the Digital Divide OECD (2001, P5) defined the digital divide as â€Å"the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels [and other demographic levels] with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities.† When we refer digital divide, we refer not only the opportunities to access to or use of ICTs but also the ability or knowledge of using ICTs. Besides, the statement â€Å"nearly everyone has a mobile phone† is falsified, 15% adults in US didn’t have cellphone until 2011 (Zickuhr, 2011).Therefore, digital divide still is an important issue. Digital divide exists in different countries and different regional areas and social groups within countries. There are two types of digital divide: domestic digital divide and international digital divide. In this article, I will discuss domestic digital divide at first. Th en I will discuss international digital divide and how it forms. Finally, I will discuss why digital divide matters. Couldry (2007) pointed out the complexity of digital divide. He thought digital divide was complex because there were at least two situations of digital divide: domestic divide and international divide. First, it involves the gap between those who can access to ICTs and those who cannot within countries. Secondly, it involves the absolute gap of communication facilities, information transmission capacity, the amount of computers and network hosts, the amount of telephone users and such other aspects between countries. Within countries, people have different access to ICTs because of their gender, income, race and region (Rice, 2006), which splits them into information rich and information poor. In US, the poor, the old, minorities, less educated people and rural residents had less access to ICTs. Comparing racial groups, African-Americans and Latinos have less access to and worse skills of ICTs. Because of poverty caused by racism, they have limited opportunities to learn about and use ICTs. Until 2011, 82.7% Asian-Americans could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 56.9% Black and 58.3% Hispanic could. Besides, rural Native Americans possessed the fewest telephones, followed by rural Hispanics and rural Blacks. Black households possessed fewest PCs. Comparing age groups, 95% of people between 18 and 34 were cellphone users, and only 48% of people older than 75 used cellphones. 59% and 52% US citizens possessed desktop and laptop, and only 28% of people over 75 possessed desktop and 10% possessed laptop. Until 2013, 81.9% of people between 35 and 44 could assess to the Internet and computer, while 61.7% of people older than 55 could. Besides, rural young under 25 possessed fewest telephones, and rural old over 55 possessed fewest PCs. Comparing income groups, the poorest households in central cities possessed fewest telephones, followed by the rural poor and the urban poor. The rural poor possess fewest PCs. Comparing educational level groups, 89.9% of people with bachelor degree or higher could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 36.9% of people without high school degree could (File, 2013; Mossberger, Tolbert, Gilbert, 2006; NTIA, 1995; Zickuhr, 2011). Unbalanced ICTs use also can be found in Canada. The old and the poor had less access to cellphones and Internet. Only 3.5% of people from the lowest income group could access to the Internet (Sciadas, 2000). Additionally, unbalanced Internet use between different social groups and regional areas was obv ious in China. Until 2007, among Internet users, 32.3% of them were students, while only 0.4% of them were peasants. 82.9% Internet users were urban residents. The Internet penetration rate was 20.2 in urban areas and only 3.1 in rural areas. East areas had higher penetration rate than central and west areas. Until 2012, Internet users increased to 516 million. 55.9% of them were male and 44.1% were female. Besides, 29.8% of people between 20 and 29 were Internet users while only 4.8% of people older than 50 were Internet users (CNNIC, 2007, 2012). From these data, we find domestic digital divide occurs in both developed countries and developing countries. Furthermore, with the rapid development of ICT and expansion of globalization, international digital divide becomes an important issue. Nowadays, countries have more connections with each other than before, and they have more influence on each other as well. Digital divide between countries causes serious problems. Firstly, ICTs develop rapidly in both developed countries and developing countries. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed the number of fixed telephone and mobile users increased from 530 million in 1990 to 4 billion. From 2005, the number of new mobile users rapidly increased by more than 500 million, and until 2006, the total number of mobile users increased to more than 2.7 billion. The amount of mobile users grew faster in the areas where the amount of fixed telephone users was small. In 2006, the number of new mobile users increased by 60 million in Africa. There were more mobile users than fixed telephone users in almost every country. By the end of 2006, 22% Africans use mobiles, and 3% Africans used fixed telephone and 5% Africans used the Internet. By the end of 2006, 1.2 billion people on the earth could access to the Internet, which occupied more than 18% of the whole population (UN, 2008). Network construction improves poverty alleviation, education and employment in developing countries. With the development of technology and the widespread use of broadband, there were more opportunities for developing countries to catch up with developed countries. However, according to current spread speed and development trend, although developing countries showed faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries (Fink Kenny, 2003), the digital divide will exist for a long term and hardly be diminished in a short term because the existing gap between developed countries and developing countries was huge. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed Internet penetration rate was 58 in developed countries and 11 in developing countries and 1 in the least developed countries. Until 2006, there was no commercial broadband service in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and even if there was, people cannot afford to the expensive service fees. But broadband technology stimulates the wide use of Internet in developed countries. The Global Information Technology Report 2007-2008 published by World Economic Forum (2008) ranked the Networked Readiness Index of 127 developed and developing economic entities which occup ied 95 percent of global GDP. The top 20 were: Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, the United States, Singapore, Iceland, South Korea, Norway, Hong Kong, the UK, Canada, Australia, Austria, Germany, Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Estonia. Most of them were European and North American developed countries, and only a few of them were emerging economies. Most Asian, African and Latin-American countries were ranked low. Data from International Telecommunication Union showed in developed countries about 77% people could access to broadband Internet, while in developing countries only 31% could. What’s worse? There were about 4.5 billion people cannot access to Internet, which occupied 66% of the whole population on the earth (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2001, the computer penetration rate and Internet penetration rate of North America were 61.1 and 49.8 respectively. In contrast, they were only 0.5 and 0.6 respectively in South Asia (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2002, 59% US citizens used Internet, but only 4.8% Chinese used Internet (Chen Wellman, 2004). Until 2011, the Internet penetration rate of Iceland was 97.8, and the average rate of top 50 countries was 78.6, but the rate of the rest of world was only 25 (Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics, 2011). From these data, we could find huge a digital divide between developed countries and developing countries. International digital divide continues to enlarge as the gap of economic development and education level between countries enlarges. The difference of economic development between countries is a main cause of digital divide. In the early stage of development, a large amount of fund needs to be invested in digital information industry and information communication infrastructure. Developed countries possessed more resources including but not limited to capital to innovate and apply to ICTs. They had abundant money investing in research field and ICT infrastructure construction, while many developing countries could not afford to undertake large amount of capital investment. Therefore, developed countries had more advantages in digital information industry, especially in research field. Many underdeveloped countries became digital indigent countries because of underdeveloped digital information technology and infrastructure. Lack of telephones and computers, low network transmission ca pacity and deficient telecom infrastructure increase the difficulties to start digital economy for developing countries; lack of updated software and technology and expensive Internet service fees impede the development of digital information technology in developing countries. Therefore, an increasing number of developing countries became more backward as they are isolated by digital technology and information resources; developed countries enjoy the convenience of low-cost and high-speed information. Imbalanced distribution of information is closely related to imbalanced distribution of global wealth. Additionally, the difference of education level between countries is another major contributor of international digital divide. Education level determines people’s ability to use and develop digital information technology, and people’s ability of ICT use determines the foundation of developing a digital information technology society and how much technology weighs on the economic structure of their country. Because of better education, people in developed countries are better at using new technologies than people in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the low level of ICTs education was attributed to the following reasons (Nair, Kuppusamy, Davison, 2005). Firstly, there were no sufficient ICTs facilities in the school. For instance, in Argentina, 82% private schools and 51% public schools had ICTs facilities; in Peru, only 13% public schools had ICT facilities, so students had unequal access to ICTs (Hilbert, 2011). Seco ndly, there were limited numbers of competent teachers who master ICT applications in educational institutions in these countries. Thirdly, there were short of public ICTs facilities for educational purpose in these countries. To sum up, the backward education level directly restricts the development of ICTs in developing countries. Digital divide should be attached importance to, because it negatively affects social and international stabilities. Digital divide widens the gap between rich and poor, polarizing people within countries, causing social conflicts, enlarging the gap between developed countries and developing countries, hindering the development of developing countries, and leads to digital hegemony which threats international security. Firstly, an increasing domestic digital divide leads to many social problems within countries. Now it’s information society, and information becomes more important than capital. Poverty means not only wealth shortage but also information shortage. People need unblocked and updated information to innovate or catch the opportunity to make fortune. Limited access to ICTs means limited opportunities to create fortune, and digital divide increases the polarization of the rich and the poor within countries. Wealth gap in virtual world is related to wealth gap in reality. People who are excluded by information society are isolated from mainstream political and economic life and have to suffer from long term poverty and developmental stagnation. Increasing digital divide makes people who have gotten rid of poverty become poor again. If this problem is not solved, the informatization of a country cannot be accomplished, and digital divide will split people into two worlds. One world is heaven for information rich while another world is hell for information poor, and the polarization of wealth becomes more serious and leads to social tensions. What’s worse? As information technology grows so fast, the period of upgrading become shorter and new digital divide comes when old digital divide still exists. Secondly, digital divide widens the wealth gap. It is the product of wealth gap, and it widens this gap, which forms a vicious circle. From economic perspective, ICT becomes a new source of fortune, and digital divide increases the difference of ability to create fortune in information era. Large amounts of labor are idle and large amounts of labor can only work in traditional agricultural sector and traditional industrial sector because they lack relevant knowledge and cannot engage in modern economic activities which create a great deal of fortune. Besides, the difference of ability to use information technology and obtain useful information between people from different countries and different social groups leads to the Matthew Effect. Because of digital information technology, rich become richer and poor become poorer; developed countries become more developed and underdeveloped countries become more underdeveloped. Therefore, ICTs benefit people and countries on the advantage si de of digital divide and widen the development gap between those â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots†. Thirdly, international digital divide hinders the economic development of developing countries. In the information economy era, ICT plays a vital role in the enhancement of productivity, creativity and competitiveness of a country, and information and talented people become vital endogenous variables. In that case, the advantages of cheap labor and abundant land and resources in developing countries are weakened, and the international competitiveness of developing countries is lowered. In developing countries, most people work in primary and secondary industry, and only a few people engage in ICTs related work. In china, only 200 million Internet users engaged in E-commerce, including online shopping (CNNIC, 2012). Raven, Huang and Kim (2007) thought there were many obstacles in using the Internet and e-commerce in developing countries, such as low demand of commercial network integration caused by poverty, and lack of infrastructure to participate in network commercial activities be cause of no support from government. Inactive involvement in digital economy hinders developing countries from benefiting from increasingly growing digital economy, which increases the economic gap between developing countries and developed countries. As developing countries lagged far behind developed countries at first and disadvantaged is intensified by digital divide, developing countries suffer from serious asymmetric information and have less opportunities to create fortune. To conclude, digital divide increases the differences of economic development between countries and negatively affect the economic development of developing and underdeveloped countries. Finally, digital divide also causes digital hegemony. Some countries which have monopoly in digital technology field obstruct and suppress the freedom of using and developing information technology for other countries and impose their own values and ideologies on other countries in order to benefit themselves. Digital divide provides opportunities for those countries to carry out digital hegemony. For example, until 2002, US had 4.11 million to 4.12 million Internet hosts, which occupied more than 80% of the total amount of hosts in the world (Norris, 2000). Besides, most information on the Internet was provided by the United States. US government uses its absolute advantage on the Internet to conduct ideological and cultural infiltration into other countries. US tries to dominate other countries in digital field and control users’ computers instead of letting users control their own computers. In conclusion, the development of ICTs has greatly changed the way people live and work and become a driver of the expansion of economic globalization. Besides, it brings about opportunities for developing countries. However, there’s a huge digital divide between people with different genders, races, socio-economics status and nationalities. Digital divide causes two main problems. Firstly, digital divide intensifies unfair allocation of social wealth and other social conflicts. It turns information poor into real poor. Lack of information means lack of opportunities to make fortune, and limited money means limited access to ICTs. Those who cannot access to ICT cannot benefit from ICT. Digital divide forms a loop of poverty for the poor. Secondly, digital divide brings about challenges to developing countries. As the progress of ICT promotes social and economic development, digital divide widens the gap of national power between developed countries and developing countries as well as threats international security and stability. Therefore, problems caused by digital divide should draw attention from governments, international organizations and academia. To diminish domestic digital divide, government should narrow wealth gap nationally as well as identify people who are on the disadvantage side of digital divide and effectively support them. Diminishing domestic digital divide maintains social stability and promotes the balanced development of a country. To diminish international digital divide, developing and underdeveloped countries need to invest more in constructing of infrastructure of ICTs. Governments need to invest largely in education and skills training to cultivate a large number of information literate or qualified personnel who have the ability to innovate and master advanced technology. Besides, developed countries should break technological monopoly and support developing and underdeveloped countries financially and technologically. Furthe rmore, international organizations need to financially support developing and underdeveloped countries to construct infrastructure of ICTs and provide opportunities for technical personnel from these countries to go to developed countries to learn advanced technology and be trained. Diminishing international digital divide not only narrows the gap of national power between countries but also balances global economic development. Above all, digital divide is a vital issue which needs to be pay attention to.

The Life of Joseph Conrad Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Life of Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad was born Joseph Teodor Konrad Korzenioski in 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine. He officially changed his name to Joseph Conrad in 1886, when he became a British citizen (Liukkonen). Although Conrad discouraged people from interpreting his literature through analysis his life, his life did shape his writing. Much of his anti-imperialistic views could have sprouted in childhood, when he was under the rule of Russians the Ukraine. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was arrested for suspicious involvement in revolutionary activities (online-literature). Apollo spent much time writing plays and social satires. Although his works were not well known, they gave Joseph an early appreciation for literature. Apollo died of tuberculosis in 1869, four years the same disease claimed his wife, Conrad’s mother. Joseph, only 11, was sent to live with his uncle in Switzerland (online-literature). He went to school for a few years before convincing his uncle to let him go to sea in the mid 1870's. In that decade he made three trips to the Wes...

Renting and Company

THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan Ill. The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsidize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercialcomplexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitation, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attainment of the m ain objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3.To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non ­ exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invention which m ay seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise tum to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture ­ stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company's property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or otherwise, without -I- THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan III. The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsi dize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercial complexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitation, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attai nment of the main objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3.To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non- exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invent ion which may seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise turn to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture- stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company's property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or ot herwise, without security, to companies, firms or persons on such terms as may seem expedient, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 6.To guarantee the payment of money secured by or payable under or in respect of bonds, debentures, debenture-stock, contracts, mortgages, charges, obligations and other securities of any company or of any authority whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise, or of any person whosoever, whether incorporated or not incorporated. 7. To enter into partnership or into any arrangement for sharing the profits or joint adventure with any person, firm or company carrying on or about to carry on any business capable of being conducted so as to directly or indirectly this Company and to acquire or join in the acquiring of any such business. 8.To sell or dispose of the undertaking of the Company or any part thereof for such consideration as the Company may think fit and in pa rticulars for shares, fully or partly paid, debentures, debenture-stock (redeemable or perpetual) or securities of any other company having objects altogether or in part similar to those of this Company, and to distribute any such shares, debentures, debenture-stock or securities, amongst the members of this Company, either by way of dividends or upon any return of capital, subject to the provisions of the law in force. 9. To allot shares in this Company to be considered as fully or partly paid up on payment of any property of whatever description which the Company may acquire. 10. To sell, improve, manage, work, develop, lease, mortgage, charge, hypothecate, deposit by way of loan or otherwise dispose of, turn to account or otherwise deal with all or any part of the property of the Company whenever or however acquired. 11. To procure the Company to be recognized or registered in any foreign place of country. 12.To merge, reconstruct amalgamate with or without winding up with any co mpany or companies having objects altogether or in part, similar to those of the present Company. 13. To promote any company or companies for the purpose of acquiring all or any of the property or liabilities of this Company or for any other purpose which may seem directly or indirectly calculated to benefit this Company and to underwrite, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire all or any part of the shares or securities of any such company as aforesaid. 14. To enter into arrangement with any authorities whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise that may seem conducive to the Company’s objects or any one of them, and to acquire by grant, purchase or otherwise from any such authority any rights, grants, rivileges and concessions of property or otherwise which the Company may think it desirable to obtain and to carry out, exercise and comply with any such arrangements, privileges and concessions. 15. To obtain or assist in obtaining any provisional or other order or li cense or any Act to Parliament or Law, Order or Charter of any Legislature of Government, for enabling the Company to carry any of its objects into effect. 16. To draw, make, accept, endorse, discount, execute and issue promissory notes, bills of exchange, bills of lading, warrants, orders, debentures and other negotiable or transferable instruments, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 17.To grant pensions, allowances, gratuities and bonus to the employees or ex-employees of the Company or the dependents of such persons, and to establish and support or to aid in the establishment and support of associations, institutions, funds, trusts and convenience (except associations or institutions formed for the purposes of Life Insurance)calculated to benefit employees or ex-employees of the Company or its predecessors in business or the relatives, dependents of such persons and to subscribe or guarantee money to and for charitable or benevolent objects or for any exhibition or for any public, general or useful objects. 18. To remunerate the servants of the Company and others out of and in proportion to the profits of the Company, or otherwise, as the Company may think fit. 19. To remunerate any person or Company for service rendered about the formation or promotion of the Company or the conduct of its business. 20. To pay out of the funds of the Company all costs, charges, and expenses preliminary and incidental to the promotion, formation, establishment and registration of the Company. 21.To take into consideration and to approve and confirm all acts, deeds or things that may be done or entered into with any person, firm or body corporate by the promoters of the Company and further to enter into any arrangement, agreement or contract with the promoters and/or to reimburse them in or in connection with the formation or promotion of the Company. 22. To adopt such means of making known to the public, the business of the Company as may seem expedient and in particulars by advertising in the press, by circulars and by publications of books and periodicals 23. In the event of winding up of the Company to distribute any of the property of the Company in specie amongst the members but to distribution amounting to a reduction in Capital be made, without obtaining the sanction of the relevant authority as may be required under the law for the time being in force. 24.To place, to reserve or to Issue bonus shares among distribute as dividends or bonus among the members or otherwise to apply, as the Company may form time to time think fit, any moneys received by way of premium on shares or debentures issued at a premium by the Company and moneys arising from the sale by the Company of forfeited shares, subject, however, to the provisions of the law for the time being in force. 25. To communicate with and /or give aid-pecuniary or otherwise, to any association body or movement hav ing for its objects and solution, settlement of surmounting of industrial or labour problems for the promotion of industry or trade. 26.Subject to section 293A of the Companies Act, 1956 to subscribe in or donate to or guarantee money for any national philanthropic, charitable, benevolent, public general or useful object to any person, fund or organization, association or institution or for any purpose which may be likely directly or indirectly to further the objects of the Company or interest of its members. 27. To subscribe to, become a member of subsidiary and cooperate with any other association, whether incorporated or not, whose objects are altogether or in part similar to those of the Company and to procure from and communicate to any such association, such information as may be likely to further the objects of the company. 28.To acquire by purchase, lease, concession, grant, license or otherwise, such lands, buildings, minerals, waterworks, plants, machinery, stock-in-trade, stores, rights, privileges, easements and other property, as may from time to time be deemed necessary for carrying on the business of the Company, and build or erect upon any land of the Company howsoever acquired such manufactories, workshops, warehouses, offices, residence and other buildings and to erect such machinery and construct such roads, ways, tramways, railway branches or sidings, bridges, reservoirs, watercourses, hydraulic works. 29. To acquire form any person, firm or body corporate or unincorporated, whether in India or elsewhere, technical information, know-how, processes, engineering, manufacturing and operating date, plans, layout and blue-prints, useful for the design, erection and operation of plant required for the business of the Company and to acquire any grant or license and other rights and benefits in the foregoing matters and things. 30.To insure with any other company, firm or persons against losses, damages and risk all kinds which may effect the Compa ny, provided that nothing herein contained shall empower the Company to carry on the business of life assurance, accident assurance, fire assurance, employees, liability assurances, industrial assurance, motor assurance or any business of insurance or reinsurance within the meaning of the Insurance Act. 1983 or any Act amending, extending or re-enacting the same. 31. To create any depreciation fund, reserve fund, insurance fund, or any other special fund whether for depreciation or repairs, replacement, improvement, extension or maintenance of any of the properties of the Company or by way of Development Rebate Reserve, or for redemption of debentures or redeemable preference shares or for any other purpose conducive to the interest of the Company. 32.To carry on the other business in any part of the world whether manufacturing or otherwise that may seem to the Company capable of being conveniently carried on in connection with the above objects or calculated directly or indirectly to enhance the value of or render profitable any of the Company's property or rights or which it may be advisable to undertake with a view to improving, developing, rendering, valuable or turning to account any property, real or personal, belonging to the Company or in which the Company may be interested and to do all or any of the above things, either as principals, agents, trustees, contractors or otherwise and either alone or in conjunction with others, and either by or through agents, subcontractors trustees or otherwise. (C) OTHER OBJECTS 1. To Purchase, take on lease or otherwise acquire any mines or quarries, mining rights, land, contracts, works and premises believed to contain various types of marble, granite, sand and lime stone, silica sand and to work, establish, explore, develop, exercise, process treat or deal in the aterial including by-products of mining and to establish factory for processing, finishing treating or conversion of the same into industrial and saleable material. 2. To act as financial, investment and management consultants, agents, brokers, Sub-brokers and representatives and to sell and advice about various schemes of investment small savings and banking services and for this purpose to apply approach acquire, hold and procure such rights title, entitlements, registrations, Licenses and permission from Government, Semi Government, Financial Institution, Companies, mutual funds, local authorities, public bodies, undertakings, banking companies, Reserve Bank of India and from other authorities as may be necessary and expedient. 3.To carry on business of electrical engineers, electricians, engineers, contractors, manufacturer, suppliers, importer, exporter, assembler, repairer, converter and dealer in all type of all electrical appliance, components, devices, disconnectors, transmission line, conductors, hardware, accessories, switchgears, clamps, connectors, distribution, and power transformers, instruments transformers, control p anels, structural and general fabrication, isolating switches, dropout fuses, stay assemblies, cables wirelines, dry cells, accumulators and all other electrical goods and their allied product required or capable of being used in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, supply accumulation and employment of electricity including high tention lines and extra high voltage field. 4. To carry on the business of garage keepers and suppliers of and dealers in petrol, electricity and other motive power for motor and other things. 5.To carry on the business of manufacturing, marketing, buying, selling, importing, exporting and to function as stockiest, suppliers, distributors, storers, warehousers, C ; F Agents and consignee agents of all kinds of pharmaceuticals, medical, chemical preparations, and compounds, medicines, herbal products, drugs and formulations, surgical and scientific equipment, appliances and accessories of all kinds and description. 6. To manufacture pu rchase or otherwise acquire and sell, dispose of, import, export exchange, hold and deal in diamonds, gems and stone (including kharad) whether precious or semi-precious, synthetic or imitation, bullion, ornament, jewellery consisting wholly or partly of gems and stones, precious metals and articles made therefrom, pearls, whether real or cultured, historical coins, handicraft goods, paintings, Sandalwood goods cutlery, blue Pottery and chinaware, costume curious articles and antiques. 7.To carry on the business of importers, exporters, buyers, sellers, stockiest, suppliers distributors, dealers, hirers, repairers, cleaners, storers and warehouser of automobiles, motor cars, lorries and vans, motor – cycles, cycle-cars, motors, scooters, carriages, amphibious vehicles and vehicles suitable for propulsion on land, sea or in the air or in any combination thereof and vehicles of all descriptions (all hereinafter comprised in the term â€Å"motors and other things†), wheth er propelled or assisted by means of petrol spirit, steam, gas, electrical, animal or other power, and of engines, chassis, bodies and other components, parts and accessories and all machinery, implements, utensils appliances, apparatuses, lubricants, solution, enamels and all things capable of being used for, in or in connection with manufacture maintenance and working of motors and other things or in the construction of any track or surface adopted for the use thereof. 8.To carry on the business of purchasing, selling whether on payment of full amount on or installment basis, exchanging, planning, managing, running, improving, developing, protecting, maintaining, controlling, supervising, disposing off, reclaiming letting or getting on hire, lease contract or otherwise dealing in agriculture farms, forests, gardens, forest products, nursery, pastures, crops, trees, leaves, orchards, estates, fields, plantations, farm houses, wasteland, barren land, arid lands, live stock and plann ing managing, running improving, developing, maintaining, protecting, controlling, supervising, reclaiming, letting or getting on lease, hire, contract or otherwise dealing in deserts, water resources, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams, cacals, wells, natural resources, environment and any other properties or any rights, privileges or easements therein whether belonging to company or not or whether for others or on own account and to carry on technical researches, experiments, development, tests, inventions and provide consultancy services in agriculture, animal husbandry, pollution control and forest environment and land development. 9. To carry on business as Custom House Agents, Custom Clearing Agents, Freight contractors, Shipping Agents, Clearing and forwarding agents, Licensing Agents, Air Freight Agents, Post and Insurance Agents and all kind of agencies business and general brokers. 10. To carry on the business of booking cargoes and luggage of the public in general and of companys constituents in particular with every type of carrier, in particular with air lines, steamship lines, railway and road carriers. 11.To carry on the business of buying, selling, importing, exporting, trading or otherwise deal in consumer products merchandise, provisions, food stuff and commodities of all kinds and description requisite for personal, household and industrial use and consumption, either finished, semi finished or raw material, including at footwears, decorative items, gift items, utility items, utencils, garments, pieces of arts, antiques, handicrafts machinery, equipments, electronic items, toys, capital goods or any other item and to act as an import and export house and to perform all the functions and undertake all activities connected therewith including obtaining and dealing in licenses, quotas, certificate and other rights. 12. To carry on business of designing, processing, manufacturing of all kinds of engineering and electronic items. 13.To carry on the busin ess of manufacturing, processing, manipulating crushing, importing, exporting, buying, selling or otherwise dealing in fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and other allied products. 14. To carry on the business of manufacturers and suppliers, erectors or fabricators or otherwise dealers in all kinds of plant, machinery and equipments, stores, tools, gadgets, wire drawers, tubes, boilers and other mechanical and electrical and electronic products, devices, contraptions, instruments, spares and components and to procure agencies for the same and to develop, acquire supply plans, drawings, estimates, project-reports and know- how for industries, business, Companies, services and public bodies and Government. 15.To purchase, acquire, take on lease, sub-lease or License or exchange, hire, construct, manage, control or otherwise carry on the business of cinema hall, theatres, studio, picture places, multiplex theatres, or for purpose of exhibition of films, dramatic or theatrical perfor mances, concerts or other entitlements or amusements and to provide for the production, direction exhibition, representation, displays, whether by mechanicals means or otherwise and to carry on the business of films, talkies, exhibitors, producers distributors and directors of films and any activities relating to stage performance. 16. To manufacture assemble, fit, repair, convert, overhaul after maintain and mprove all types of electronic components, devices, equipments and appliances equipments such as television and wireless apparatus including radio receivers and transmitters, tap recorders broadcast relay and receition equipments phonographs and other equipments used an in or for audio and visual communications apparatus and equipments including those using electromagnetic waves intended for radio-telegraphic or radio-telephonic communication photocopiers electric lighting controls, continuos fan/motor speed controls continuous flashers and fire alarm systems, digital and other electronic clock time relay punch card machines electromechanical pneumatic controls computers and automatic calculators X – rays machines tubes surgical medical and other appliances intended for slectro and other therapy treatment and in all types of tapes magnetic and otherwise photographic films projectors and carriers and capicitors resistance condensors semi-condensors transistors recifiers integrated and hybrid circults relays potentiometer connectors printed circuits coils chocks transformers switches volume controls plugs sockers aerial gears diodes and allied items intended for used in electronic device and in air conditioners automobiles refrigators washing machine heaters and cooking renges and other types of domestic appliances and any type of equipments used in the generation transmission and receiving of sound light and electrical impulses and component parts thereof and other materials used in or in connection with electronic and electrical industries 17.To ca rry on the business of farming, horticulture, floriculture, sericulture, tissuculture, green houses, red houses, drips irrigation, sericulture, dairies, cultivation of all kinds of food grains, seeds oil-seeds, fruits, flowers, hohoba, proprietors of orachards and traders, importers, exports, sellers, buyers and dealers in aof products farming horticulture, floriculture, sericulture and fishing and to carry on the business of growers manufacturers, traders grinders, rollers, processors, storers, cold canneres and preservers and dealers of poultry products fodder, fruits, dehydrated, canned or converted agricultural products provisions, food, vegetable herbs flowers and to extract by-products and derivatives whether edible, pharmaceutical, medicinal, or of any kind of nature whether and food preparation of every kind and description and to carry on the business of tissue cultural laboratories, production of plant manufacturing of agro products and extraction of oils floriculture acti vities and providing consultancy for the above referred objects, whether in India or elsewhere. 18.To purchases take on lease, hire, erect, construct, build, alter, equip, maintain or otherwise acquire, establish, run, manage, administer own and to carry on the business of running, Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Inns, holiday homes, guest houses, refreshment rooms and lodging apartments, housekeepers, night clubs, casinos, discotheques musement and entertainment parks, swimming pools, health clubs, dressing rooms, library play ground, licensed victualers, wine, beer and spirit merchants, dealers, and manufacture of aerated and artificial water and other in India or in any part of the world and to act as agents of any hotel and to perform all and singular the several duties, services which any hotel company usually do and perform. IV. The liability of the members is limited. V. The authorised capital of the Company is RS. 1,00,000/- (Rupees One lakhs) divided into 10,000 ( Ten thousand Equ ity Shares of Rs. 10/- (Rupees. Ten) each. We, the several persons whose names and addresses are subscribed, are desirous of being formed into Company in pursuance of this Memorandum of Association, and we respectively agree to take the number of shares in the capital of the Company set opposite our respective names: – Sl. No. | Signatures, Names, Description, Addresses and Occupations of the Subscribers| No. f Equity Shares taken by each Subscribers| Signatures, Names, Addresses Description and Occupations of Witness| 1. 2. 3| Sd/- PRABHA CHAND CHANDWAR PRABHA CHAND CHANDWARD-32, PRADHAN PATH, CHOMU HOUSE,C-SCHEME, JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- AMIT CHANDWAR AMIT CHANDWARF-65, SUBHASH MARG, C-SCHEME,JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- ANUJ JAIN ANUJ JAIN BAZAR NO 1,CHANDWAR HOUSE, RAMGANJ MANDI, KOTABUSINESS| 3400 (Three Thousand four hundred)3300 (Three Thousand three hundred)3300( Three thousand three hundred| I Witness the signature of both subscribersSd/- Vijay K. Jain(VIJAY K. JAIN)S/o Shri Amar Chand JainB. Khosla ; Co; M I Road, JaipurM No. 70758| | | 10000 ( Ten thousand)| | Place: JAIPUR Date: 12th day of September, 2012

Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream - 1129 Words

Hermia’s speech in Act 2, Scene 2, of Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, contains an abundance of dream imagery. She has awoken from a terrible dream after falling asleep in the forest with Lysander. They were lost and tired so they decided to rest. Lysander wanted to sleep beside her but, she refused since they are not yet married and while they slept Puck applied a love potion on Lysander’s eyes thinking he was Demetrius. Lysander wakes and is repulsed by the sight of Hermia and never wants to see her again because he is now in love with Helena. Hermia awakes from her terrible dream and retells it thinking that Lysander is nearby listening. Then she realizes that he is not there and she does not see him anywhere. Hermia expresses the sentiment that she will find Lysander or she will surely die. She stated, â€Å"Help me, Lysander, help me! do thy best To pluck this crawling serpent from my breast! Ay me, for pity! what a dream was here! 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My Interview At Christian Brothers University - 1836 Words

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Brain Based Early Learning Programs Education, Society,...

The science of neurobiology and technology of brain-imaging are rapidly advancing the understanding of cognition: how people think and learn. Brain-imaging techniques allow access into the mysterious mechanisms of the brain, and it is now possible to observe what occurs in the brain â€Å"as it performs tasks such as solving a math problem, reading a book, or improvising a melody† (Limb). This neurobiological research also indicates that, in the brain, emotion and intelligence are intricately synchronized processes (â€Å"Social-Emotional†). Brain-based learning programs apply this principle of simultaneous cognitive and social-emotional development by emphasizing how the brain learns innately, and are based on what is currently known about the†¦show more content†¦Information documented and published on brain research, learning, and young children establishes that the results are not theories, or speculations, these discoveries are confirmed by specific and tangible scientific proof. 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Journey to Sakhalin free essay sample

The purpose of this report is to comprehensively analyze and assess the investment venture of Royal Dutch/Shell in the Russian Oil Industry, with specific focus on the Sakhalin II Investment project, operated through the subsidiary of Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC). This analysis will commence with a revision of the political risk assessment pertaining to Russia, and will continue from that platform by an identification of likely factors and situations of potential conflict. Such information will then provide the basis for developing the risk avoidance steps that the company can take in order to protect itself from excessive exposure. In the first instance the report will seek to structure the necessary risk mitigation during the transitional aspect of taking further steps to the second phase of Sakhalin II. In the final instance the report will continue by formulating the measures required to reduce the impact of political risk, after the investment is fully undertaken. Conclusive premise(s) can then be provided to complete the report. POLITICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF RUSSIA Considering the reality of Russia’s political past, and its struggles encountered during the transitional period of the early 90’s towards democracy and free market system, it would be reasonable to project that a significant level of obstacles for business enterprises, particular foreign businesses exist. Analyzed from a political perspective, five factors may be suggested that when assessed can help to define the level (and perhaps more appropriately), the nature of the political challenges and risks that a foreign firm would face. These five factors are: A. Historical Foundation – The political, as well as the related aspects of social, economic and even cultural experiences that Russia would have had for the years. (The period from the end of the Second World War could be used for a definitive time line). Assessment Reference IBS/July 2009/2_Donovan A. The present (referring to the time of the case, say mid 2003, and or dates previous to this when initial investment opportunities were being contemplated) level of discomfort that has, or potentially can, manifest itself in the populace reacting forcefully to real or perceived societal inequities C. Economic Condition – The health and condition of the Russian market, in terms of growth in productive output, the supply and demand for goods and services, relative to the ability of individuals to afford them. D. Legal Platform – The body of laws that regulate the operation of business in general and that determine the operations of foreign entities within Russia in particular, and the extent to which these are relevant, enforceable, as well as facilitative or restrictive. Utilizing the five factors listed above, an attempt will be made below to rank these in terms of their importance, by giving them a numerical rating between one (1) and ten (10). A number value will also be assigned to each factor between zero (o) and two (2), which intuitively defines the impact of that ‘political factor’ on the operation. It would be important to note the difference between what is coined as ‘rating’ and ‘value’ for the purpose of this analysis. Rating is the degree of importance assigned to the factor, where it is ranked generally, on a scale above. This weight affects the overall impact or result, which is the product of rating and value (the specific value of a factor as is extrapolated from case information concerning the state of affairs in Russia at that time). The potential conflicts that the company may encounter based on the reality of the analysis above, falls into three major categories. These are as listed: 1. Conflict of the company’s policies, objectives and interests with the legal foundations of the federal government, in spite of the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA), in light of the legislative commitment to rationalize it as a prevailing legal contract 2. Ideological conflicts with the local authorities on the island of Sakhalin, as well as state agents and administrators of the bureaucratic system of both the local and central government. 3. Conflicts arising from opposition by other business entities, local enterprises or even potential competitors who may be jealous of any perceived lucrative gains Royal Dutch Shell (and its other business partners) may be able to enjoy in the future. There is a fourth area which cannot be ignored, and that comes from the pressure of social groups and none governmental organizations that may have particular social and environmental concerns. In light of the general categories being provided, it would nonetheless be prudent for this report to outline with a little greater precision the areas of potential conflict that fall under one of the general categories above: The existence of conflicting legal premise and principles between the PSA and other legislative acts Assessment Reference. Moore_7558334 The opposing presence of power brokers in business and government who are against the ‘spirit’ of the PSA The oppositions from persons with political seats in the Russian parliament. Even if favourable laws/amendments were to be drafted and tabled in the house, these persons would attempt to block their passage. Possible negative reaction from local groups in Sakhalin Island who may feel that their interest were undermined, or they were not represented adequately in an egalitarian distribution of benefits Concerns and variations on elaborate technical detail. Could be used as a tactical maneuver by technical opponents to confuse decision makers in government, by overwhelming them with detail that they may have difficulty comprehending Social groups and NGOs (likely with international connections or affiliations) that purport social and environmental concerns regarding the impact of the project activity Of a certainty most of these can be neutralized or somewhat reduced if the latitude exist for developing and implementing mitigation measures. It should be recognized however, that with some political conflicts there is little that Royal Dutch Shell will be able to do to protect itself. Assessment Reference IBS/July 2009/2_Donovan A. Moore_7558334 POLITICAL RISK MITIGATION MEASURES There are seven political risk mitigation measures that the company had already incorporated into its initial agreement and mode of operation: 1. Tax exemptions that offered some level of insulation from exposure to regulatory cost 2. Some level of guarantee of investment recovery built into the PSA contractual framework 3. Sourcing of funds from multiple international financial sources, that assist in diversifying the narrow identity of the company, to appear like a true international investor 4. Temporary ownership rights with pre-conditions for titled transfer to Russian Federal government 5. Fixed tax rate on profits allows for more structured and reliable business planning 6. Support of social development through education and infrastructural development on the island of Sakhalin – this does purchase some amount of acceptance both in the local and federal government 7. External third party mediator should the necessity of arbitration arise Regardless, there are other steps that can either solidify and or further compliment the set of political risk mitigation already in place: A. A request that the PSA document be amended to include a very clear and comprehensive outline of the methods and processes that will systematically facilitate the tax exemptions, as well as the means or instruments of refund, should any such regulatory cost be incurred B. (This one may be difficult, but is worth the asking) A request for the amendment in the PSA, providing a definitive clause that the legal substance of the PSA takes precedence above any Assessment Reference IBS/July 2009/2_Donovan A. Moore_7558334 and all other conflicting legal acts, specific only to the Sakhalin II development project. This is simpler than other possible amendments proposals C. A clear commitment for agents of the state to honour and conform to the legal requirements of the PSA (to some extent more enforceable with the amendment suggested in (B. ) ), with possible consideration of appropriate penalties for ignoring or violating its foundation. This may seem far fetched and difficult to sell as an idea. The legislators and higher ranking officials could be told however, that Russia has a vision to reach (or one could even say reclaim) its place as a dominant world power. This cannot be done without the capital. In a sense Royal Dutch Shell and its partners are important players and partners in that vision in that they provide the capital – you should not make it difficult for a partner that supports the prime vision for your country, you should support them! When asked what interest would the company have for supporting such a vision, the negotiators should remind the politicians that the company is a set of business people seeking mutually beneficial business opportunities; the interest is not world politics – the interest is a symbiotic relationship. Assessment Reference IBS/July 2009/2_Donovan A. Moore_7558334 D. In the same way that the company explores and identifies its alliance with persons in government and the supporting ministries and groups that appear to be on the side of SEIC, the company can develop a similar linkage chart which shows the opposition and how they are linked through the network of the government. A forum or a social function can then be arranged and these officials given special invitations so that their points of view can be understood, and the opportunity can be created to possibly re-align their thinking towards the project, and the company. So supposing that the company arrives at the stage where the investment decision was already sealed and substantial financial investments were already made, and the project is now in progress. The report will as a consequence offer guidelines as to how political risks can be mitigated after such stages. HOW TO AVOID POLITICAL RISK AFTER THE INVESTMENT The items below demonstrate some guidelines for avoiding political risk after the investment is undertaken: In regards to the political constraint of Russian Content, engage in strong negotiation for not only a clear definition of its measurement, but a protective clause which allows SEIC to source the input externally, should local providers fail to meet an established external benchmarked standard A dual structure that spans the geographic distance between Moscow and Sakhalin, with automatic flexibility to shift the political management relationship smoothly should political changes necessitate the switch Submit a proposal for the identification and streamlining of specific government officials who would have the complete authority for granting approval for all the Assessment Reference IBS/July 2009/2_Donovan A. Moore_7558334 technical, political and commercial details surrounding the project with clear outline of how the approval process would flow Explore ways of developing complimentary policies with the political, social and or economic objectives of the Russian Government Partner with the other internal entities (to reduce the cost impact) on social projects that have a wide scale and significant effect with potential for demonstration of good corporate citizenship If there are no issues of legal/official conflict, offer 5% of Royal Dutch Shares in SEIC to top government officials for sale at little below market value. This is not a bribe they are paying for it; if they own it they care more about its success! CONCLUSION It is clear that this ambitious journey that Royal Dutch Shell has embarked upon with its business partners is a very challenging one that presents formidable political challenges. The secret to facing a significant opponent is to preferably be on the side of friendship and cooperation. However should the circumstances shift to a more turbulent ride then remaining flexible and nimble is the way to navigate the path to success. This report provides the some cardinal directions to stay the course, regardless of the challenges.