Teachings of the Buddha

Buddhism is has consistently been viewed as a religion and a way of thinking by its devotees and adherents. Its birthplace and broad practice in Asia in any case, Buddhism has been very versatile to numerous societies that it has experienced. For a considerable length of time Buddhism rehearses had just been limited to the Asian nations and despite the fact that it show varieties in different Asian nations, there are still some regular highlights saw over these societies. Going toward the west, Buddhism and its devotees have confronted numerous difficulties to fuse their practices into the social standards of the west.However, regardless of whether Buddhism can adjust to the mentalities and estimations of the western nations and still keep up its one of a kind way of thinking is the continuous inquiry among strict researchers. This paper will look at the foundation of Buddhism and its significance to the current disciples in the United States where there are numerous assorted societi es. I got an opportunity to go to a Buddhist pre-wedding function †well, it appeared as though one. I am enlightened Buddhism is all concerning straightforwardness and every one of its practices and ceremonies mirror the equivalent. In contrast to different strict wedding functions, the Buddhist wedding is only straightforward and has no pageantry and color.It includes practically no ceremonies as we would expect of a wedding service. Their relationships are centered more around the confidence and conviction between consenting people than some other thing. Buddhists are progressively disposed on guaranteeing an enduring and agreeable relationship is made between couples looking for each in marriage. I was additionally informed that Buddhists don't force their devotees to experience some necessary ceremonies before marriage and that the choice concerning whether to go the courts for marriage or to the couple of enlisted sanctuaries exclusively lies with the couple.Nevertheless, a Buddhist wedding would include two sections; the first part includes taking part in quite a while joined by offering blessings to the priests and the god-like. Also, it is during this procedure that couples are required to make promises of comprehension and reliability. The second part which is viewed as a non-Buddhist segment comprises of every single customary practice which are trailed by the particular groups of the couple and may include going to the soul house for supplications, a blowout or blessing trade. Back to the pre-wedding I attended.The function as you make call it, occurred at the groom’s family home. I was stunned that the wedding service was basic not normal for some other wedding function I had gone to previously. There are no severe strict standards or guidelines and not at all like different religions where such functions are viewed as strict issues, Buddhists’ service is absolutely a get-together. There was a little gala sorted out by the groomà ¢â‚¬â„¢s families over which endowments were traded and individuals talked openly and with no proper methodology in the whole length of the ceremony.After the pre-wedding service the couple was announced spouse and husband by a companion of the groom’s family and the assemblage scattered from there on. The couple was advised to conclude whether to visit a sanctuary or go to court the next day to make sure about a marriage testament. At the point when the function was practically finished, I secure a second a companion of the man of the hour and asked him a couple of inquiries with respect to Buddhism and here is the portion of our discussion. 1. Is your religion a real lifestyle for you? How fundamental is it to your every day life? Shimano Roshi: Very critical to me.One of the satisfying parts of my religion is that it causes me to comprehend the genuine idea of life and the universe. Once more, it doesn't just instruct me to regard others yet in addition to be lenient of di fferent people’s lifestyle. 2. What are a portion of the fundamental practices, or day by day parts of your religion? Shimano Roshi: Normally Buddhist petitions in the sanctuaries would include priests presenting the suttas and lecture also. Be that as it may, there are varieties across Buddhists conventions. By and by, I do honor our profound pioneer the Buddha and serenade (discuss the suttas) each morning and before going to bed.3. What are a few limitations in your religion, assuming any, for example, dietary, clothing standard, and so on? Shimano Roshi: I don’t think about other religion yet I realize that Buddhism is one of the most obliging religions on the planet. Buddhism lays accentuation on harmony and being innocuous. While a dietician may mention to you what to eat and a Muslim how to spruce up, a Buddhist will reveal to you that you are what you think. we are characterize by our inward contemplations and not what we wear or eat. 4. What is the most loved part of your religion? Why?Shimano Roshi: To me there is no single perspective I may consider as my most loved in light of the fact that my religion is just widely inclusive. 5. Do you feel that you are bolstered in your town, or in this nation, rehearsing your religion, or do you feel any segregation? Shimano Roshi: American had issues before tolerating us and our lifestyle however things have changed nowadays. It is very basic to see a dark Buddhist in the sanctuary, and individuals of various races are changing over consistently. I feel Buddhism has been grasped well by the Americans. 6. What is the most misconstrued component of your religion?Shimano Roshi: I don’t know, however on the off chance that there is any, at that point I imagine that is there own concern. What I accept is very essential to me to consider how others think about me. 7. Is it essential to you that your family/youngsters proceed with your strict practices/convention? Shimano Roshi: Absolutely! Buddh ism offers a decent and more grounded establishment for a sound living both profoundly and genuinely with others and I couldn't imagine anything better than to give such lessons on my kids. 8. Do you have any heavenly places or nations that are essential to your religion and that you have been to?Why would they say they are viewed as sacred? Shimano Roshi: I have been to the Gangetic fields in northern India and a zone in southern Nepal. Buddhist visit this spot since Gautama Buddha, our otherworldly pioneer lived and educated there and in this manner we accept the spot is tremendously associated with his life. 9. What do you believe is generally one of a kind about your religion according to different strict conventions? Or on the other hand do you feel there are more similitudes? Shimano Roshi: Just like Christian religion, Buddhism has got orders, conventions, heredities, schools and numerous other littler groups.It has advanced throughout the hundreds of years and some significa ntly more changed than others. In any case, one special thing in Buddhism is the Enlightenment procedure. 10. In the event that there were just a single thing about your religion that you could impart to the world, what might it be? Shimano Roshi: Simplicity! We relate with each other and approach the day by day living with most extreme straightforwardness while we are as yet dedicated to our omnipotent Overview Buddhism its exceptional blend of strict and philosophical lessons includes various convictions, conventions and practices got from the lessons of Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha ‘the stirred one†.According Buddhist, Buddha lived in northeastern piece of India somewhere in the range of sixth and fourth hundreds of years BCE. His devotees remembered him as a stirred one who utilized his insight to help the aware creatures abstain from affliction (dukkha), accomplish nirvana lastly get away from the pattern of torment and resurrection (Robinson and Willard, 1970). The religion has two fundamental braches to be specific; the Theravada †the school of the older folks and the Mahayana †the incomparable vehicle.Theravada is viewed as the most established enduring branch and appreciates a wide following in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. The Mahayana then again has a substantial nearness in East piece of Asia and includes the customs of Zen, Tibetan Buddhism, Pure Land, Shigon, Nichiren Buddhism, Tendai and Shinnyo-en (Fisher, 1997). Vajrayana which is a part of Mahayana is at times ordered as the third part of Buddhism. While it has consistently been viewed as a religion of the Asian nations, Buddhism is today found in all aspects of the world.According to the ongoing assessments, the Buddhists on the planet are numbering around 230 million to 500 million which the religion the fourth biggest on the planet. Various schools of Buddhists have distinctive translation of the way to opportunity, the significance and comprehension of the sacred wri tings and lessons, just as various practices. Be that as it may, the establishment of Buddhist practices and conventions are essentially founded on the Three Jewels; the Buddha, the Dharma (otherwise called the lessons), and the Sangha (otherwise called the network) (Fisher, 1997).Adhering to the three gems is viewed as an affirmation just as promise to the methods of the Buddha and by and large recognizes a supporter from a non-Buddhist. Different customs would rely upon a specific part of Buddhism and incorporate practices like moral statutes, reflection, devout public help, renunciation of traditional living and turning into an ascetic, development of otherworldly intelligence and wisdom, reverential works on, concentrating of sacred texts and conjuring of Buddha and bodhisattvas normal among the Mahayana supporters (Keown and Prebish, 2004).Conclusion Buddhism will proceed infiltrate different societies due to philosophical and strict nature. The three Jewels of Buddhism are wid ely inclusive and answers the greater part of our issues. The Buddha gives us the profound sustenance; the dharma gives thoughts to our most dubious issues like premature birth and bioethics while sangha gives comprehension of our public activity and world.Buddhism isn't just the lifestyle a couple of Asian populace yet would keep on spreading because of its additionally grasping and oversimplified nature. References Fisher, M. P. (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. I. B. Tauris: New York. Keown, D. and Prebish, C. S. (eds. ) (2004). Reference book of Buddhism, Routledge: London Robinson, R. H. and Willard L. J. (1970; third ed. , 1982). The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction Wadsworth Publishing: Belmont, CA (Shimano Roshi,

Aims and Provisions of the 2004 Children’s Act

Points and Provisions of the 2004 Children’s Act The Children’s Act 2004 The Children’s Act acquainted in 2004 pointed with address worries about the insurance of youngsters. All things considered, to a critical degree it based on the arrangements of the 1989 Children’s Act. Most importantly, the primary inspiration for setting up another demonstration identifying with kids was a progression of high profiled bodies of evidence including maltreatment against little youngsters. Also, numerous individuals felt that the arrangements of the 1989 demonstration neglected to completely join the different various associations that are engaged with the security of children.[1] The motivation behind this paper is to look at the points and arrangements of the 2004 Children’s Act. Most importantly, we will see that the 2004 demonstration planned to achieve a progression of changes that would consider more noteworthy collaboration between different various offices and associations. This change has additionally occurred over the wide broad region of social arrangement in Britain. The name given to this procedure of more prominent participation is community oriented partnerships.[2] The thought behind this new activity is that in the event that varying gatherings associated with social assistance arrangement cooperate, at that point there will be more noteworthy opportunities for defending the security and interests of kids. In any case, before I really expound regarding this matter let us initially inspect the reasons and cases that realized the 2004 Children’s Act. At last, the point of the 2004 Children’s Act was to expand on the past enactment went in 1989 and further the opportunities for compelling kid insurance. Be that as it may, another further inspiring variable was the homicide of Victoria Climbie in 2000. Nine-year-old Victoria was manhandled and killed by her gatekeepers in her London home. General society and media clamor following the case was tremendous. Besides, it was generally felt that the case included featured major issues inside the youngsters assurance administration. Most importantly, it was felt that various offices had neglected to act as one in the months and years preceding Victoria’s murder. In that capacity, a progression of new thoughts and approaches were received towards the security of children.[3] This new wish to give better and progressively successful insurance can be found as two moves. Initially, the foundation of the Every Child Matters program and also the death of the 2004 Children’s Act. Each Child Matters was propelled in 2003 and intended to guarantee that all kids paying little heed to the budgetary or social foundation would have the option to accomplish their maximum capacity in life.[4] Furthermore, Every Child Matters was set up trying to take into consideration more noteworthy collaboration between fluctuating offices and associations engaged with kids. The setting up of Every Child Matters was an introduction planned for laying the reason for the Children’s Act of 2004. The Children Act itself meant to set up a legitimate structure, which would give better assurance to youngsters and more noteworthy degrees of productivity in the associations accused of kid security. Nearby specialists were to get more help and exhortation on the best way to do better assistance for kids. There were additionally changes to the law with respect cultivate homes, mindful and keeping an eye on, and selection administrations. Be that as it may, albeit every one of these issues are significant arrangements inside the demonstration, a definitive reason for existing was to make far more noteworthy degrees of participation and multi organization activity corresponding to the insurance of children.[5] Most importantly, the Victoria Climbie case had featured the degree to which there was little participation between various organizations as far as kid insurance. Moreover, it was presently understood that there were an extensive number of associations and organizations that could assume a job in youngster insurance. Normally, nearby power youngster assurance administrations were viewed as the most significant office. In any case, it was unmistakably fundamental that youngster insurance administrations expected to work in close coordinated effort with different organizations. In this way, offices, for example, the police, school specialists, social administrations, specialists and noble cause associations now all work together so as to give better security to powerless youngsters. Since every organization has a one of a kind task to carry out according to kids it is trusted that such collective associations will deliver better administrations for children.[6] For instance, if a socia l laborer feels that a specific youngster is in conceivable peril, they can call upon the aptitude and assessment of an assortment of different experts, for example, the child’s teacher or specialist. Hence, with everybody cooperating for same reason potential issues can be featured and managed in a substantially more powerful way. Presently in spite of the fact that the 2004 demonstration and Every Children Matters has achieved huge changes to the manner by which youngster security administrations work, there have regardless been not kidding issues. For instance, it is once in a while hard to unite various offices in blend when they have beforehand not worked in collaboration.[7] Also, various organizations may have totally different methods of understanding a specific circumstance, for example, that of a social laborer contrasted with a cop. Recently such issues have been featured as another lamentable and appalling case. The instance of infant P appears over all the degree to which coordinated effort between multi office associations can separate with horrendous outcomes. Specialists, police and social administrations neglected to cooperate viably enough to secure child P and in this way the case shows the potential issues that could proceed later on. Taking everything into account, the primary purposes for the 2004 Children’s Act have been talked about. Most importantly, obviously both the demonstration and the Every Child Matters activity came about as a result of apparent failings inside the kid insurance administration as featured on account of Victoria Climbie. Most importantly, government has endeavored to institute a framework whereby offices associated with youngsters work in cooperation to accomplish better degrees of security. Notwithstanding, albeit such moves are certain the instance of child P features the degree to which there are as yet significant issues. At last, it will set aside an impressive effort for such moves to work viably. Cree, Viviane and Myers, Steve. Social Work: having any kind of effect, Bristol: Policy, 2008. Sheldon, Brian and Macdonald, Geraldine. A Textbook of Social Work, London: Routledge, 2008. UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Children’s Act 2004: direction on the obligation to cooperate† http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/procedure/direction/, date got to, 01/01/2009. UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Aims and Outcomes†, http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/points/, date got to, 01/01/2009. 1 References [1] Brian Sheldon, and Geraldine Macdonald. A Textbook of Social Work, London: Routledge, 2008, p. 96. [2] Ibid. p.25. [3] Vivienne Cree, and Steve Myers. Social Work: having any kind of effect, Bristol: Policy, 2008, p. 103. [4] UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Aims and Outcomes†, http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/points/, date got to, 01/01/2009. [5] UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Children’s Act 2004: direction on the obligation to cooperate† [6] Cree and Myers, Social Work, 2008, p.113. [7] Ibid, p.116.

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Photos from incoming students continue to roll in.   Enjoy. Name: Nameera Nuzhat Admission in: MPA Pictures taken in: Bangladesh The Bengali New Year known as “Pohela Boishakh” is celebrated very big in Bangladesh by people of all religions and caste in union. As opposed to the western New Year where celebrations begin at midnight, the Bengali ritual is to rejoice at the break of dawn with traditional dance, music and food. This is at six thirty in the morning when performers and audience gathered for some entertainment, “Pohela Boishakh” style. Little ones are super excited and dressed up in Sarees to perform in shows celebrating the arrival of spring. “Bashonti” (yellow and Orange) is the color of “Boshonto” (spring) and everyone around the country dress in yellow attire on the first day of the month of “Falgun” to welcome spring and youth. Weavers of Roopganj (literally means the village of beauty), beside the Shitalakkhya river are the only people apt at making this special kind of fabric called Dhakai Jamdani. A saree (six metres of fabric) of such intricacy takes about 3 months to make and draws about   US $ 350 at a fine store/ boutique. Sadly the poor weavers have to be satisfied with $ 80 at most for a piece that is sold for so much higher. Name:   Tanita María Preston Bertie. Program:   MPA My hand Taken by my other hand in Lahore, Pakistan, on December 27th. As women inside the house got prepared to attend the wedding main purpose of the trip   the streets were adorned with marching women remembering Benazir Bhutto.   This picture always makes me remember too. Sunrise in the Atlantic ocean on a regatta to San Blas, Panama. I have no words I just like this picture. Nature framing nature, I took this one scuba diving in the Cayman Islands by the waylove Scuba Diving!

What Makes Stalkers Kill

Not all stalkers are killers, but most killers are stalkers. Determining the factors that differentiate the violent stalker from the nonviolent stalker is complex. Statistical data is skewed because many cases that begin as stalking escalate to more serious crimes and are then classified as such. For example, a criminal who stalked his victim for two years and then murdered them is often statistically classified as only a murderer. While state reporting is improving in this area, it is a flaw in a lot of the statistical data that is currently available. It is thus difficult to obtain hard data as to how many murders were the end result of stalking behavior. Another issue with the current data is that about 50 percent of stalking crimes go unreported by the victims. This is particularly true in the cases of stalking between intimate partners or when a stalker who is known to the victim. Victims who do not report being stalked often cite their reasons as fearing reprisal from the stalker or their belief that the police cannot help. Lastly, stalkers being under-identified by the criminal justice system has added to the inaccuracies in the data. An Office of Justice Programs survey of criminal justice practitioners found that stalkers continue to be charged and sentenced under harassment, intimidation, or other related laws instead of under a states anti-stalking statute. Stalking Defined Prior to 1990, there were no anti-stalking laws in the United States. California was the first state to criminalize stalking after several high-profile stalking cases including the attempted murder of actress Theresa Saldana, the 1988 mass murder at ESL Incorporated by a former employee and stalker Richard Farley, and the 1989 murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer by stalker Robert John Bardo. Other states were quick to follow suit and, by the end of 1993, all states had anti-stalking laws. Stalking is largely defined by the National Institute of Justice as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated (two or more occasions) visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear. Though recognized as a crime throughout the United States, stalking varies widely in statute definition, scope, crime classification, and penalty. Stalker and Victim Relationship While the criminalization of stalking is relatively new, stalking is not a new human behavior. While there are many studies performed in reference to the victims of stalkers, the research on stalkers is more limited. Why people become stalkers is complicated and multifaceted. However, recent forensic research has helped to understand different patterns of stalking behavior. This research has aided in identifying those stalkers who are likely to be the most dangerous and high risk for injuring or murdering their victims. The relationship between the stalker and the victim has proven a key factor in understanding the level of risks to the victims. Forensic research has broken down the relationships into three groups. Former intimate partners. This includes current and former husbands, cohabitants, and boyfriends and girlfriends.Friends, family members, and acquaintances,A private stranger which includes public figures. The former intimate partner group is the largest category of stalking cases. It is also the group where the highest risks exist for the stalkers to become violent. Several studies have identified a significant association between intimate partner stalking and sexual assault. Classifying Stalker Behavior In 1993, stalker expert Paul Mullen, who was the director and chief psychiatrist at Forensicare in Victoria, Australia, performed extensive studies on the behavior of stalkers. The research was designed to help diagnose and categorize stalkers, and it included the typical triggers that cause their behavior to become more volatile. Furthermore, these studies included recommended treatment plans. Mullen and his research team came up with five categories of stalkers: Rejected Stalker Rejected stalking is seen in cases where there is an unwanted breakdown of a close relationship, most often with a romantic partner, but it can include family members, friends, and work associates. The desire to seek revenge becomes an alternative when the stalker’s hope for reconciliation with his victim is diminished. The stalker will characteristically use stalking as a substitute for the lost relationship. Stalking provides the opportunity for continued contact with the victim. It also allows the stalker to feel more control over the victim and provides a way to nurse the stalker’s damaged self-esteem. Intimacy Seeker Stalkers classified as intimacy seekers are driven by loneliness and mental illness. They are delusional and often believe that they are in love with a complete stranger and that the feeling is reciprocated (erotomanic delusions). Intimacy seekers are generally socially awkward and intellectually weak. They will emulate what they believe is normal behavior for a couple in love. They will buy their true love flowers, send them intimate gifts and write them an excessive amount of love letters. Intimacy seekers are often unable to recognize that their attention is unwanted because of their belief that they share a special bond with their victim. Incompetent Stalker The incompetent stalkers and intimacy seekers share some of the same characteristics in that they both tend to be socially awkward and intellectually challenged and their targets are strangers.  Unlike intimacy stalkers, incompetent stalkers are not looking for a long lasting relationship, but rather for something short term like a date or a brief sexual encounter. They recognize when their victims are rejecting them, but this only fuels their efforts to win them over. At this stage, their methods become increasingly negative and fearful to the victim. For example, a love note at this stage may say Im watching you rather than I love you. Resentful Stalker Resentful stalkers want revenge, not a relationship, with their victims. They often feel that they have been belittled, humiliated, or mistreated. They consider themselves the victim rather than the person they are stalking. According to Mullen, resentful stalkers suffer from paranoia and they often had fathers who were intensely controlling. They will compulsively dwell on the times in their lives when they experienced extreme distress. They act out in the present day the negative emotions that their past experiences have caused. They attach responsibility for the painful experiences they suffered in the past the victims they are targeting in the present. Predator Stalker Like the resentful stalker, the predator stalker does not seek a relationship with his victim, but instead finds satisfaction in feeling power and control over their victims. Research proves that the predator stalker is the most violent type of stalker in that they often fantasize about physically harming their victims, often in a sexual way. They find immense pleasure in letting their victims know that they can harm them at any time. They often collect personal information about their victims and will involve the victims family members or professional contacts in their stalking behavior, usually in some derogatory way. Stalking and Mental Illness Not all stalkers have a mental disorder, but it is not uncommon. At least 50 percent of stalkers that suffer from mental disorders have often had some involvement with the criminal justice or mental health services. They suffer from disorders such as personality disorders, schizophrenia, depression, with substance abuse being the most common disorder. Mullens research suggests that most stalkers should not be treated as criminals but rather people who are suffering from mental disorders and who are in need of professional help. Resources and Further Reading Mohandie, Meloy, Green-McGowan, Williams (2006). Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, 147-155)

The Taklamakan Desert in China

In the Uigur language, Taklamakan may mean you can get into it but can never get out, according to Travel Guide China. We cant verify whether or not the translation is accurate, but the label fits such a large, dry, dangerous place for humans and most animals. Large lakes, including Lop Nor and Kara Koschun, have dried up, so over the millennia, the area of the desert has increased. The Taklamakan Desert is an inhospitable approximately 1000x500 km (193,051 sq. mi.) oval. It is far from any ocean, and so hot, dry, and cold, by turns, with shifting sand dunes covering 85% of the surface, propelled by northerly winds, and sandstorms. Alternate Spellings:  Taklimakan and Teklimakan Lack of Rainfall Wang Yue and Dong Guangrun of the Desert Research Institute in Lanzhou, China, say that in the Taklamakan Desert the average annual rainfall is less than 40 mm (1.57 inches). It is about 10 mm—thats just over a third of an inch—in the center and 100 mm at the bases of the mountains, according to Terrestrial Ecoregions—Taklimakan desert. Bordering Countries While it is in China, and bordered by various mountain ranges (Kunlun, Pamir, and Tian Shan), there are other countries around it: Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and India. Ancient Inhabitants People would have lived there comfortably 4000 years ago. Mummies were found in the region, perfectly preserved by the arid conditions, are presumed to be Indo-European-speaking Caucasians. Science, in a 2009 article, reports: In the northeastern edge of the desert, archaeologists from 2002 until 2005 excavated an extraordinary cemetery called Xiaohe, which has been radiocarbon-dated to as early as 2000 B.C.E.... A vast oval sand hill covering 25 hectares, the site is a forest of 140 standing poles marking the graves of long-lost society and environment. The poles, wood coffins, and carved wooden statues with pronounced noses come from the poplar forests of a far cooler and wetter climate. Silk Road Trade Routes One of the worlds largest deserts, the Taklamakan, is located in the northwest region of modern China, in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. There are oases located on two routes around the desert that served as important trading spots on the Silk Road. Along the north, the route went by the Tien Shan Mountains and along the south, the Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. Economist Andrà © Gunder Frank, who traveled along the northern route with UNESCO, says the southern route was most used in ancient times. It joined up with the northern route at Kashgar to head into India/Pakistan, Samarkand, and Bactria. Sources Archaeology in China: Bridging East and West, by Andrew Lawler; Science 21 August 2009: Vol. 325 no. 5943 pp. 940-943.News and Short Contributions, by Derrold W. Holcomb; Journal of Field Archaeology.On the Silk Road: An Academic Travelogue Andre Gunder Frank Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 25, No. 46 (Nov. 17, 1990), pp. 2536-2539.Sand Sea History of the Taklimakan for the Past 30,000 Years. by Wang Yue and Dong Guangrun Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography Vol. 76, No. 3 (1994), pp. 131-141.Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History, by Nicola Di Cosmo; The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 53, No. 4 (Nov. 1994), pp. 1092-1126.

The Dietary Patterns Of Americans Essay - 1291 Words

â€Å"Dietary patterns of Americans differ widely, but most Americans eat a diet that could best be described as in need of improvement†. Compared to other countries, the American diet is very different. I have first hand experienced how much different Americans eat from other countries. For a brief, but very beneficial and productive time, I lived in Barcelona, Spain with my host family. Over in Spain, they eat much more fresh, organic food. There was a lot more seafood in the average diet. The meal configuration over there is also different than ours. Lunch is the largest meal eaten every day; different than America, where dinner is the largest. On average, Americans eat 2,000 pounds of food every year, each. The question posed by the scientists of the study I read about was: â€Å"Why Americans Eat What They Do: Taste, Nutrition, Cost, Convenience, and Weight Control Concerns as Influences on Food Consumption?† I chose this study because I was/am interested in why A mericans eat what they do. Unfortunately, I could not find a popular account linked to this scientific study, so this is purely based off of the study. There were three hypotheses of the experiment. The first was, â€Å"we expect that demographic factors will predict the importance of taste, nutrition, cost, convenience, and weight control to individual persons†. This means that they (the scientist involved) believed that the personal characteristics (age, gender, income, and race) will affect the flavor of food, benefitsShow MoreRelatedHealthy Behavior Is Associated With Healthy Eating996 Words   |  4 Pagesis associated with healthy eating. 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OverRead MoreHigh Blood Pressure Essays1571 Words   |  7 Pagesof infiltration of lipids into the arterial wall, worsen endothelial damage and enhance atherosclerotic deposition (Thomas Bishop, 2007). The most significant influences are obesity, excess alcohol and excess salt intake (Williams et al., 2004). Dietary modifications are proven to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Apple, 1997). A review showed that among overweight hypertensive people, a weight reduction of 3–9% is associated with a decrease of about 3 mmHg in systolic and diastolic bloodRead MoreThe Dietary Guidelines For Nutrition And Human Needs868 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesAccording to the History of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans , In 1977 after years of scientific review and controversy the US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, led by Senator George McGovern, recommended Dietary Goals for the American people (US Senate Select Committee, 1977). The Goals included complementary nutrient-based and food-based recommendations. The first goal aim attention at energy balance and urged that, to prevent overweight, Americans should endure only as muchRead MoreEating Habits And Lifestyle Of The Field Of Dietetics / Nutrition New Diets1532 Words   |  7 Pagestwo points of view: 1) People should follow the dietary guidelines set by the government; 2) People should imitate the diet of humans from over 10,000 years ago. I will present a brief history and description on both sides of the argument followed by my opinion. I will end by arguing that the paleo diet is very restrictive and there needs to be more research done to pr ove that this diet will lead to overall wellness. Throughout the years, American diet has become more processed, chemicals are addedRead Moreitem using a system of how many times they consume the food, from never to once a month or even800 Words   |  4 Pagestotal energy intake from food for each day by the total weight of the reported food intake (Schroder). No drinks were included in the calculations of the test. The team used the most recent dietary reference intakes for the United States to calculate the proportion of people that meet an adequate dietary intake of the vital ingredients needed to be healthy (Carbs, Fat, Protein, Fiber, Vitamins, etc†¦). This study provided the team with adequate information about the topic. â€Å"The main findingRead MoreOverview of the Arab Culture Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName of Culture Arab is not a race, but is a group of individuals that are united by their culture and history (ADC, 2014). There are many different variations commonly based on a particular individual’s country of origin such as Arab Americans. Other variations are based on their social class, the level of their education, if they live urbanely or rurally, or the time they have spent in the United States (Lipson Dubble, 2007). Most Arabs also practice Islamic religion and are Muslim. When

Evelyn Lau Essay Example For Students

Evelyn Lau Essay Evelyn Lau is an author with which I can identify with. Her lack of humilitygives rise to self-awareness. She does not hide under a mask of sorrow, shesimply puts into words how she reacts and feels towards her lifes struggles. She does not convey a deep sense of hostility or arrogance, but merely addressesthe conflicts through out her life with a graceful, honest manner. One can seehow Evelyn allows herself to let go of all inhibitions and secrets througheach of her works. She can face her past, and acknowledge her pain, unlike mostpeople. Her ability to do this is what gives every person an identity they canrelate with; whether it be living on the streets, coping with a drug addiction,or dealing with a dysfunctional family. Evelyn, unlike most people, canpin point her torment. Her father was the center of her universe (Details 3),always loving, compassionate and with someone she could share her childhooddreams. However, their relationship ended abruptly while she was only ten yearsold. This severed bond caused her much grief. She longed for love and affection,which her mother could not provide. Evelyns self loathing began while she wasa per-adolescent ( Details 2). Her fathers emotional passivity caused E velyn todestroy herself physically. She chose her body as her tool of destruction, forshe felt, no one could control her body, not even her neurotic mother (Details2). I do not think that Evelyn blames her fathers lack of love, on the fact thathe lost his job(2). It seems to me that he lost himself, for he saw his daughteras a young woman; not as a child. This realization may have been the reason hefaded from her life. He lost touch with Evelyns child hood, and couldnt copewith the idea that his little girl was now a blossoming young lady. Hisselfishness caused her so much angst. She began to believe that her father andmother both disliked her presence, as a part of their family. (Details 3). Atthe age of nine Evelyn began reading Harlequin Romance novels(Details 4) as away to vicariously feel love. This love enabled her to escape the harshreality that was her life. However ,it ruined my idea of male femalerelationships (Details 2) Evelyn began to believe that women were supposed to be weak, dependent creatures. And men were supposed to be older, handsome,stronger, ideal mates for the weak woman. Her notions of this streered hertowards bulimia. Her bulimia took over her life. It was the one thing shethought she could control, and the one thing she thought she could hide. But herperfect vision was one where she could continue her weak womanly characteristics(bulimia) and have a father figure mend her emotional scars. Her longingfor love is what drew her to self-mutilation. In a sick sense I can see why shemight have done this. She longed for the father she had as a young girl, toswoop her into his arms and caress her nightmares into oblivion. As a result oflittle fatherly love, Evelyn began her search for lovers which she classified asthe father figure, like those in the romance novels, I always had thisthing for older menI look for father figures all the time (Details 2). She openly admits that her search for men which can love her like a daughter isa perverse one, and one which causes many problems in the relationship (2). However, she continues this fantasy, and divulges her true feelings aboutchildren I hate childrenI cant imagine getting pregnant and having achild. I think that would be horrible.. (1). This quote reveals to me that asa person Evelyn is selfish. She does not wish to share her fatherly loverwith that of a child, for then both the child and the mother would be graspingfor the fathers attention. As I read through Evelyns works, I have come tothe conclusion that although she is able to pronounce her hatred she still hasmany skeletons in the closet. She will not face her father to this day, allowingregret, guilt, and anger to build inside of her (2). Evelyn had reason to feelsuppressed by her parents, but as a rising star one mustnt succumb to theidea that ones past is fiction in ones novel. And she has yet to reachthat pinnacle of understanding.

Home Products stock and bond valuatio free essay sample

In all textbooks, the valuation of stocks and bonds is simply stated as the present value of all the future cash flows expected from the security. The concept is logical, straightforward, and deceptively simple. The valuation of bonds is usually presented first, since the relatively certain cash flows are broken into an annuity and a payment of the par value at some specific date in the future. Preferred stock valuation follows bond valuation and the value of preferred stock is shown to be the present value of perpetual annuity. The cash flows from the constant-size dividend is fairly certain, and most preferred stock does not have a maturity date. Finally, common stock is presented but neither the future cash flows (from dividends) nor the final value is known with any degree of certainty, Generally students seem to understand the bond and preferred stock valuation techniques, but they tend to be very skeptical of the common stock valuation model. We will write a custom essay sample on Home Products stock and bond valuatio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Using the discounted cash flow models on an actual company can help dispel some of the doubts, but more importantly it can indicate how the models explain price behavior. HOME PRODUCTS, INC. Home Products, Inc, (HPI) is a leading manufacturer of prescription and ethical drugs; specialty foods and candies; and proprietary drugs. Important product names include Advil, Anacin, Dimetapp, Norplant, and Robitussin. Total revenues in the last fiscal year were in excess of $9 billion. Long-Term Debt The company has a capital structure that is made up of 34 percent long-term debt, 3 percent preferred stock, and 63 percent common stock. One of the two largest domestic long-term debt issues is an 8.5 percent coupon bond (semi-annual) that is due in 15 years. This debenture is currently selling for $1020. The bond is callable in seven years and if called will be redeemed at a price of 1040. The other large publicly held bond is a 8. 0 percent coupon bond that is due in nine years. This debenture is selling for $990. Both of these bonds are rated A by Moodys. Preferred Stock The preferred stock has a $2. 40 annual dividend with a stated value of $30. 00, but it is currently selling for $31 per share. More than 5.5 million shares were issued in February 2003 in connection with the merger of FDS Holding Company into a subsidiary of HPI. The preferred stock has no voting rights unless the company is in arrears on six or more quarterly dividends, and then each shareholder is entitled to one-quarter vote per share. Common Stock Returns from common stock come from the cash dividend payment and/or changes in the price of the stock. Investors receiving dividends can expect them to grow over time, but some stocks do not pay dividends, especially during their early growth years. As firms mature, they typically start paying dividends and then management is very reluctant to reduce the dividend. For the firms that do not pay dividends, the normal assumption is that the earnings are being retained by the firm to promote growth; thus, the stock price should grow at a higher rate than firms that have high payout ratios. Two major factors that affect the price of stock are changes in the required rate of return, caused primarily by changes in the risk, and change in the growth rate of earnings, which in turn create changes in the growth rate of dividends. The common stock of Home Products currently has over 95 million shares of $3. 125 par value stock outstanding. A share of common stock presently sells for $43. 00 and pays a quarterly dividend of $0. 30 ($1. 20 per year). A consensus estimate (Zacks and IBES) indicates that earnings and dividends are expected to grow at an annual rate of 6 percent for the next five years. The common shares have no preemptive rights. Stockholders of HPI have the opportunity to buy additional shares of common stock through a plan of automatic dividend reinvestment and optional cash purchase. This plan allows stockholders to have their dividends reinvested in shares of common stock, and they can purchase additional shares at the market price (with no commission) each month. Shareholders who participate in this plan are limited to a total of $1,000 per month that they can use to purchase additional shares. QUESTIONS 1. Look at the 8. 5 percent coupon bond. What is its current yield, its yield-to-first call, and its yield-to-maturity? 2. Do you think this bond will be called? Why or why not? 3. What would be the value of the 8.5 percent coupon bond if the time to maturity was 10 years rather than 15 years? (use your yield to maturity answer in #1) 4. What is the required rate of return for the preferred stock? How does this rate compare to the YTM for the HPI 8. 5 percent bond? Is this difference what you would have expected from a risk/return standpoint? Why or why not? 5. What is the expected dividend yield and the expected capital gains yield for HPI common stock? 6. Giv en that HPI is selling for $43, what is its required rate of return? (Use the constant growth valuation model. ) 7. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5. 0 percent and that the expected return of the market is 10 percent. According to the security market line valuation model, what is the required rate of return for HPI common stock if its beta is 1. 3? 8. Using the constant growth valuation model, find the present value of HPI common stock. Would you buy or sell? Problema 1 Problema 2 Problema 3 Problema 4 Problema 5 Problema 6 Problema 7 Problema 8

Gods Omnipotence Essay Example

Gods Omnipotence Essay Example Gods Omnipotence Essay Gods Omnipotence Essay Some people refer God as the Omnipotent, that is to say a being that has unlimited power, and is able to do everything. God has four different attributes, he is omniscient, simple, eternal and omnipotent. The latter raises some difficulties, and paradoxes. In a first part I will show how omnipotence can be defined differently, how radical omnipotence differs with limited omnipotence and the issue with logic. Then I will show how God’s omnipotence raises some paradoxes and contradictions, by relying on the paradox of the stone and the problem of evil. Finally I will try to answer some questions concerning God’s ability to sin, to bring about the past, and to do things not done by him. Does God’s powers have a limit, could it then be possible that God’s omnipotence isn’t logic ? The concept of omnipotence and God is not that easily understood. Indeed many philosophers have different conceptions of God’s extent of power. Omnipotence is a kind of supremacy, all-powerfulness. Following that definition, the omnipotence of God   is an absolute, and radical one. This is Descartes’ view, according to him God can do the logically possible as well as the logically impossible, he can make a square circle and change the laws of mathematics. Indeed, ‘God can do whatever we are able to understand, but not that He cannot do what we are unable to understand. For it would be presumptuous to think that our imagination extends as far as His power’ (Descartes,   1630). In other words, it is for us Humans impossible to imagine and understand a notion as illogical as a square circle, however God created everything, and that includes logic. : Therefore it is for him perfectly possible and coherent to draw a square circle, or make the number 2 higher than the number 9. However Aquinas claims that ‘this phrase, God can do all things, is rightly understood to mean that God can do all things that are possible’ (Peterson, 2001, p. 124). The definition of omnipotence being God is able to do everything, is now limited to God can do everything that is possible. And by everything that is possible, Aquinas means everything that is logically possible. As a result it is incoherent for God to draw a square circle. However his inability to do so does not prevent God from being omnipotent ‘it does not come within the scope of divine omnipotence’ (ibid, p. 125), indeed this self contradictory phrase represents a ‘non-question’. Richard Swinburne has the same position as Aquinas and argues that ‘ a logically impossible is not an action. It is what is described by a form of words which purport to describe an action, but do not describe anything which it is coherent to suppose could be done’(Swinburne, 1993, p. 153). Therefore it would not be coherent to construct a spherical cube, as it is only two words put together   which does not represent anything. Moreover Swinburne believes that certain actions are logical, such as getting married, but they become logically impossible when they are performed by a certain kind of people, for instance : get married to a bachelor. So the action itself is not considered logically impossible, but it is the combination of the person and the situation, that makes it logically impossible. So being omnipotent is not only being possible to do everything logically possible but is an â€Å"ability to bring about any logically possible state of affairs† (Swinburne, 1993, p. 150). According to this view, God’s omnipotence is a coherent idea. Can God create a stone heavier that he can lift ? Considering that God is omnipotent, he is able to create such a stone, however he is not able to lift it. If he cannot lift it, then he is not omnipotent This act seems illogical and self-contradictory, Mavrodes states that such acts are ‘pseudo-tasks’, ‘the fact that they cannot be performed implies no limits on the power of god’(Mavrodes, 2005, p. 262), but as Aquinas pointed out, the act of lifting this stone requires an illogical power, therefore God cannot lift it as he is able to do everything that is logically coherent. But it does not derive him from being omnipotent. Moreover if God is radically omnipotent, he is not bound by logical laws, therefore the illogical act of creating the stone is possible, consequently the illogical act of lifting it is possible as well. We can also imagine that t1 is the time when God creates the stone, and t2 the time he lifts it. At t1, God’s omnipotence allows him to create the stone, then the stone being created he can lift it at t2. Indeed Mavrodes (2005) argues that ‘nothing in the argument required the theologian to admit any limit on God’s power with regard to the lifting of the stones And if God’s power to lift is infinite, then his power to create may run to infinity also without outstripping the first power’(Mavrodes, 2005, p119). In other words those two actions are successively possible, as God’s power is infinite in both cases. Yet some would argue that in t2 the stone still cannot be lifted by God as he created it being this way. The paradox of the stone shows that there is an incoherence concerning God and omnipotence. There has to be some limits to his power. But where do those limits extend? As well as being omnipotent, God is morally good and benevolent. How could there be evil in the world if God is omnipotent, his power should prevent any existence of evil as he is morally good. Those attributes combined should eliminate evil. Yet, everyday we witness evil. To understand the presence of evil in the world one has to either admit that God is not omnipotent, or that his omnipotence is incoherent ; or admit that he is not benevolent. However it can be argued that for good to exist, evil has to exist and that it would be illogical to think that good could exist on its own. (Mackie, 1955)The claim that ‘evil is necessary as a counterpart to good’ (Mackie, 1955, p. 03) errs, indeed we can again assert that as God made the laws of logic it would be possible for only good to exist in the world. Nevertheless the existence of evil in the world is required to prove what good really is. Without evil, everything, every actions are considered good. But if good is everywhere, it becomes difficult to measure it, and we cannot compare i t with other actions. To be good is to possess and display moral virtue, but how can we do that if evil does not exist ? Good has to be opposed to evil, for it to exist. It then does not distract it with God’s omnipotence. Mackie (1955) reckons that first order evil such as ‘pain and misery’ contrasts with first order good ‘pleasure and happiness’. Moreover a second order good such as ‘sympathy’ can only exist if there is a second order evil ‘suffering’, similarly with ‘heroism in facing danger’ (Mackie, 1955, p. 206). But according to Mackie this claim fails, in fact the second order evil that is ‘cowardice’ or ‘cruelty’ (Mackie, 1955, p. 207) is rising as much as another second order good. And if God were omnipotent and morally good he would try and eliminate those evils. Regarding evil and omnipotence many philosophers have taken the position that human have freewill and are independent of God. And that would explain why there is evil and how god remains omnipotent. Freedom is considered as good for the society and humans. If humans were not free, it would undermine god’s morally good attribute. Thus it is logic for him to create humans who are free. Yet Mackie (1955) argues that if God could create humans who are free to choose between evil and good, he could therefore help them into choosing what is good. However this view can be reconsidered, in fact it would be an illogical action to create free agents and then to force them to always lean towards what is good. Besides Swinburne (1993) insists on how the creation of a world where humans are forced to act a certain way would deprive humans of fulfilling themselves, and benefiting from interactions with each other. According to the thinker a ‘A good God, like a good father, will delegate responsibility. In order to allow creatures to share in creation, he will allow them the choice of hurting and maiming, or frustrating the divine plan. ’(1993, p. 1) Thus human freewill does not detract God from his omnipotence, but it limits it. Indeed, God is benevolent so freedom has to exist in order for humans to experience and learn from their consequences. As Swinburne puts it ‘as parents we regard it as a good thing that our children have power to do free actions of moral significance even if the consequence is that they som etimes do evil actions. ’ (1993, p. 76) The relationship between omnipotence and benevolence clashes once again when we wonder if God is able to sin. Indeed, God is able to do everything, therefore he should be able to sin. But God is morally good, so he cannot sin. Therefore God is not omnipotent. However it is not logically possible for God to sin and to be omnipotent, and according to Aquinas this is a non-question, it does not derive God from his omnipotence. Besides God is a perfect being, he cannot allow anything that would cause and imply any imperfection of his being. We can assert that it is god’s omnipotence that prevents him from sinning ‘to sin is to fall short of a perfect action; hence to be able to sin is the be able to fall short in action, which is repugnant to omnipotence’ (Aquinas, 2001, p. 125). Yet, one can argue that God is able to sin but chooses not to. Indeed how could God be morally good if he does not have the choice to sin ? The fact that he is able to sin but chooses not to makes him benevolent, and does not derive him from his omnipotence. Finally, we can raise two problems concerning god’s omnipotence. Is he able to bring about the past ? Is he able to do things not done by god ? According to Aquinas God can affect actions before they are performed, for instance he can decide for Socrates not to run before he has ran ‘therefore, when he has run, God could effect that he did not run’(Aquinas, 1265-1274). However Aquinas points out that Socrates cannot be sitting, and not sitting at the same moment, consequently it is self contradictory to say that Socrates sat and did not sit. It is highly illogical and it ‘does not fall under the scope of God’s omnipotence anything that implies a contradiction’. (Ibid)   If we consider (1) ‘There is a table which has not been made by an omnipotent being’, can we say that this table has been created by God ? If God could not create this table he is not omnipotent. However God could have possibly created that table, then maybe God is omnipotent. Van der Brink, 1994). Aquinas claims that ‘His will is the cause of all things ; nor is that will naturally and from any necessity determined to those things’ (1265-1274) in other words God is able to do things not done by him considering that he made everything, ‘the determinist might reply that anyone who makes anything determines its ways of acting, and so determines its subsequent behaviour’ (Mackie, 1955, p. 211). This makes it clear that God can do things that non omnipotent beings do. God’s omnipotence is confronted to many contradictions and paradoxes. But does it make it incoherent? I trust that God’s omnipotence is coherent. Indeed I believe that God can create a square circle, a stone heavier that he can lift, and he can do things not done by him, as he created the laws of logic. However when concerning human beings, I believe that God is bound by logical laws but it does not derive him from his omnipotence. Indeed, as Swinburne (1993) stated, it would be impossible for someone to marry a bachelor, it is self contradictory, besides it logically impossible for God to bring about the past. Furthermore, as evil is necessary for the notion of good to exist and God is able to sin but chooses not to, I assume that God can be omnipotent and benevolent. It can be assumed that an omnipotent being is not someone who does everything because he is all powerful, in fact ‘a being may remain omnipotent for ever because he never exercises his power to create stones too heavy to lift forces too strong to resist or universes too wayward to control’ (Swinburne, 1993, p161).

External Financing Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

External Financing Essay - Assignment Example Several factors such as weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and agency costs should be considered in choosing an external funding source. The weighted average cost of capital is the minimum rate that a company is supposed to earn from the existing asset base in order to satisfy the owners, creditors and other capital providers. Agency costs restrict the leverage of a firm. Taking financial risks leads to higher leverage. This also increases the agency cost of debt and leads to lower debt capacity. Leverage helps to reduce the loss in terms of firm value. Therefore debt becomes advantageous especially in firms that have few opportunities of growth or high percentage of assets in place (Trigeorgis, 1995).This report explores the advantages and disadvantages of some of the major external financing options that Acme can employ. Equity The company can raise funds through issuing shares. They can either be common or preferred shares. Owners of common stock are partial owners of the com pany. They have the right to share company profits or dividends and vote at the company’s general meetings. Dividends paid to shareholders vary depending on the profits that the company is making. They also have preemptive rights to maintain the ownership of the company when gives another stock offering. However, common stock shareholders are the last to receive dividends after all the preferred stock shareholders. Owners of preferred stock also own the company partially but do not have any voting rights. Preferred stock pays fixed dividends. Preferred stock shareholders are the first to receive dividends and incase the company goes bankrupt, they will be paid before the common stock shareholders. Stock shares are advantageous because they are a permanent source of funding for the company and share capital cannot be redeemed. The disadvantage of this external financing method is that the ownership of the company is shared with the shareholders and they might make decisions th at might negatively affect the progress of the company (Davidson, 2002). Hire purchase Acme can also get external funding through hire purchase. The organization can acquire assets without investing the full amount in buying them. This agreement allows the company to use an asset for a certain period of time before it can fully purchase them. The firm is able to acquire an asset quickly without paying the full price and after the specified period of time, the company can either return it or purchase it a reduced price. This method is advantageous since the company can pay for the equipment through manageable installments from funds generated by the equipment. The disadvantage is that the total amount of installments exceeds the original cost of the equipment (Giovanelli, 1998). Bonds The company can also get external funding through issuing of bonds. The company offers loans in the form of debt securities. This method does not require companies to give up partial ownership of the co mpany. Bonds have either fixed interest rates or floating rates. More leveraged companies obtain more funding through bonds relative to stocks. This external funding method has several advantages. Issuing bonds is a cheaper method than bank overdrafts or equities since the interest from the debt is tax-deductable while equity dividends are paid out of taxed company’s profits. This strategy also helps companies to monitor their financial stability.

On Spirituality and Feminist Liberation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Spirituality and Feminist Liberation - Essay Example Christianity is considered as one of the world’s oldest agents of transformation as a factor in progress and development of humanity. The reasons, evidences and principles involved in understanding the issue of spirituality and its patriarchal nature had been extensively documented and debated upon since time immemorial. Since the predominant structure from early Christian era is patriarchal in nature, this paper will try to explore and analyze the historical role of women in religion by looking into the belief systems, myths, ad archetypes from ancient civilizations to the advent of religious feminism. The analysis would be thorough in depth discussion and reasoning on its philosophical and psychological implication with emphasis on female metaphysical structure. The predominantly patriarchal structure of church, though not inclusive, significantly shaped the role of women in religion and spiritualty. During the early Christian era, it is evident that women’s lives and spiritualties are constantly challenged as they are continually restricted in all aspect of life, considered inferior in essence compared to men and have very little access to knowledge. Accordingly, women is shaped and affected by their conditioned role and to conform and be dependent to the patriarchal structure of society (Melanchthon 303)... In essence, there should be emphasis on the various kinds of religion in looking into the role of women in terms to spirituality and relationship with the divine. However, as suggested by Howell, religions basically presets common purpose such that the primary is to stabilize the immediate society from any possible conflict and destruction through implementation of best practices and the secondary purpose is to control women in such a way that they will continue to reproduce and satisfy the male biological and physiological demands for sex. Though some women are worshiped for their beauty and beyond their domesticated propose, men remained in charge as predetermined by the patriarchal society. According to Melanchthon, feminism is the major ideology that liberates women from several decades of oppression and injustice brought about by the patriarchal nature of society through transformation. Looking at several historical data, it can be noted that women really experiences oppression and injustice and the advent of spiritual feminism liberated them from such (308). Women as Spiritually and Religiously Oppressed For most women, spirituality and religious undertakings became their source of inspiration and from part of in their personal relationship with the divine they worship and to achieve spiritual holiness women strive to continually achieve it through religious works and deeds. However, until 1920’s or before the advent of feminist spirituality, women cannot express their affection and relationship with the divine and were constantly being the subject of injustices and oppression. Among the injustices and oppressions women experienced in the past include; undervalued essence and other oppressions brought about by the patriarchal system, unrecognized

Impact of the Digital Divide

Impact of the Digital Divide OECD (2001, P5) defined the digital divide as â€Å"the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels [and other demographic levels] with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities.† When we refer digital divide, we refer not only the opportunities to access to or use of ICTs but also the ability or knowledge of using ICTs. Besides, the statement â€Å"nearly everyone has a mobile phone† is falsified, 15% adults in US didn’t have cellphone until 2011 (Zickuhr, 2011).Therefore, digital divide still is an important issue. Digital divide exists in different countries and different regional areas and social groups within countries. There are two types of digital divide: domestic digital divide and international digital divide. In this article, I will discuss domestic digital divide at first. Th en I will discuss international digital divide and how it forms. Finally, I will discuss why digital divide matters. Couldry (2007) pointed out the complexity of digital divide. He thought digital divide was complex because there were at least two situations of digital divide: domestic divide and international divide. First, it involves the gap between those who can access to ICTs and those who cannot within countries. Secondly, it involves the absolute gap of communication facilities, information transmission capacity, the amount of computers and network hosts, the amount of telephone users and such other aspects between countries. Within countries, people have different access to ICTs because of their gender, income, race and region (Rice, 2006), which splits them into information rich and information poor. In US, the poor, the old, minorities, less educated people and rural residents had less access to ICTs. Comparing racial groups, African-Americans and Latinos have less access to and worse skills of ICTs. Because of poverty caused by racism, they have limited opportunities to learn about and use ICTs. Until 2011, 82.7% Asian-Americans could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 56.9% Black and 58.3% Hispanic could. Besides, rural Native Americans possessed the fewest telephones, followed by rural Hispanics and rural Blacks. Black households possessed fewest PCs. Comparing age groups, 95% of people between 18 and 34 were cellphone users, and only 48% of people older than 75 used cellphones. 59% and 52% US citizens possessed desktop and laptop, and only 28% of people over 75 possessed desktop and 10% possessed laptop. Until 2013, 81.9% of people between 35 and 44 could assess to the Internet and computer, while 61.7% of people older than 55 could. Besides, rural young under 25 possessed fewest telephones, and rural old over 55 possessed fewest PCs. Comparing income groups, the poorest households in central cities possessed fewest telephones, followed by the rural poor and the urban poor. The rural poor possess fewest PCs. Comparing educational level groups, 89.9% of people with bachelor degree or higher could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 36.9% of people without high school degree could (File, 2013; Mossberger, Tolbert, Gilbert, 2006; NTIA, 1995; Zickuhr, 2011). Unbalanced ICTs use also can be found in Canada. The old and the poor had less access to cellphones and Internet. Only 3.5% of people from the lowest income group could access to the Internet (Sciadas, 2000). Additionally, unbalanced Internet use between different social groups and regional areas was obv ious in China. Until 2007, among Internet users, 32.3% of them were students, while only 0.4% of them were peasants. 82.9% Internet users were urban residents. The Internet penetration rate was 20.2 in urban areas and only 3.1 in rural areas. East areas had higher penetration rate than central and west areas. Until 2012, Internet users increased to 516 million. 55.9% of them were male and 44.1% were female. Besides, 29.8% of people between 20 and 29 were Internet users while only 4.8% of people older than 50 were Internet users (CNNIC, 2007, 2012). From these data, we find domestic digital divide occurs in both developed countries and developing countries. Furthermore, with the rapid development of ICT and expansion of globalization, international digital divide becomes an important issue. Nowadays, countries have more connections with each other than before, and they have more influence on each other as well. Digital divide between countries causes serious problems. Firstly, ICTs develop rapidly in both developed countries and developing countries. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed the number of fixed telephone and mobile users increased from 530 million in 1990 to 4 billion. From 2005, the number of new mobile users rapidly increased by more than 500 million, and until 2006, the total number of mobile users increased to more than 2.7 billion. The amount of mobile users grew faster in the areas where the amount of fixed telephone users was small. In 2006, the number of new mobile users increased by 60 million in Africa. There were more mobile users than fixed telephone users in almost every country. By the end of 2006, 22% Africans use mobiles, and 3% Africans used fixed telephone and 5% Africans used the Internet. By the end of 2006, 1.2 billion people on the earth could access to the Internet, which occupied more than 18% of the whole population (UN, 2008). Network construction improves poverty alleviation, education and employment in developing countries. With the development of technology and the widespread use of broadband, there were more opportunities for developing countries to catch up with developed countries. However, according to current spread speed and development trend, although developing countries showed faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries (Fink Kenny, 2003), the digital divide will exist for a long term and hardly be diminished in a short term because the existing gap between developed countries and developing countries was huge. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed Internet penetration rate was 58 in developed countries and 11 in developing countries and 1 in the least developed countries. Until 2006, there was no commercial broadband service in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and even if there was, people cannot afford to the expensive service fees. But broadband technology stimulates the wide use of Internet in developed countries. The Global Information Technology Report 2007-2008 published by World Economic Forum (2008) ranked the Networked Readiness Index of 127 developed and developing economic entities which occup ied 95 percent of global GDP. The top 20 were: Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, the United States, Singapore, Iceland, South Korea, Norway, Hong Kong, the UK, Canada, Australia, Austria, Germany, Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Estonia. Most of them were European and North American developed countries, and only a few of them were emerging economies. Most Asian, African and Latin-American countries were ranked low. Data from International Telecommunication Union showed in developed countries about 77% people could access to broadband Internet, while in developing countries only 31% could. What’s worse? There were about 4.5 billion people cannot access to Internet, which occupied 66% of the whole population on the earth (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2001, the computer penetration rate and Internet penetration rate of North America were 61.1 and 49.8 respectively. In contrast, they were only 0.5 and 0.6 respectively in South Asia (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2002, 59% US citizens used Internet, but only 4.8% Chinese used Internet (Chen Wellman, 2004). Until 2011, the Internet penetration rate of Iceland was 97.8, and the average rate of top 50 countries was 78.6, but the rate of the rest of world was only 25 (Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics, 2011). From these data, we could find huge a digital divide between developed countries and developing countries. International digital divide continues to enlarge as the gap of economic development and education level between countries enlarges. The difference of economic development between countries is a main cause of digital divide. In the early stage of development, a large amount of fund needs to be invested in digital information industry and information communication infrastructure. Developed countries possessed more resources including but not limited to capital to innovate and apply to ICTs. They had abundant money investing in research field and ICT infrastructure construction, while many developing countries could not afford to undertake large amount of capital investment. Therefore, developed countries had more advantages in digital information industry, especially in research field. Many underdeveloped countries became digital indigent countries because of underdeveloped digital information technology and infrastructure. Lack of telephones and computers, low network transmission ca pacity and deficient telecom infrastructure increase the difficulties to start digital economy for developing countries; lack of updated software and technology and expensive Internet service fees impede the development of digital information technology in developing countries. Therefore, an increasing number of developing countries became more backward as they are isolated by digital technology and information resources; developed countries enjoy the convenience of low-cost and high-speed information. Imbalanced distribution of information is closely related to imbalanced distribution of global wealth. Additionally, the difference of education level between countries is another major contributor of international digital divide. Education level determines people’s ability to use and develop digital information technology, and people’s ability of ICT use determines the foundation of developing a digital information technology society and how much technology weighs on the economic structure of their country. Because of better education, people in developed countries are better at using new technologies than people in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the low level of ICTs education was attributed to the following reasons (Nair, Kuppusamy, Davison, 2005). Firstly, there were no sufficient ICTs facilities in the school. For instance, in Argentina, 82% private schools and 51% public schools had ICTs facilities; in Peru, only 13% public schools had ICT facilities, so students had unequal access to ICTs (Hilbert, 2011). Seco ndly, there were limited numbers of competent teachers who master ICT applications in educational institutions in these countries. Thirdly, there were short of public ICTs facilities for educational purpose in these countries. To sum up, the backward education level directly restricts the development of ICTs in developing countries. Digital divide should be attached importance to, because it negatively affects social and international stabilities. Digital divide widens the gap between rich and poor, polarizing people within countries, causing social conflicts, enlarging the gap between developed countries and developing countries, hindering the development of developing countries, and leads to digital hegemony which threats international security. Firstly, an increasing domestic digital divide leads to many social problems within countries. Now it’s information society, and information becomes more important than capital. Poverty means not only wealth shortage but also information shortage. People need unblocked and updated information to innovate or catch the opportunity to make fortune. Limited access to ICTs means limited opportunities to create fortune, and digital divide increases the polarization of the rich and the poor within countries. Wealth gap in virtual world is related to wealth gap in reality. People who are excluded by information society are isolated from mainstream political and economic life and have to suffer from long term poverty and developmental stagnation. Increasing digital divide makes people who have gotten rid of poverty become poor again. If this problem is not solved, the informatization of a country cannot be accomplished, and digital divide will split people into two worlds. One world is heaven for information rich while another world is hell for information poor, and the polarization of wealth becomes more serious and leads to social tensions. What’s worse? As information technology grows so fast, the period of upgrading become shorter and new digital divide comes when old digital divide still exists. Secondly, digital divide widens the wealth gap. It is the product of wealth gap, and it widens this gap, which forms a vicious circle. From economic perspective, ICT becomes a new source of fortune, and digital divide increases the difference of ability to create fortune in information era. Large amounts of labor are idle and large amounts of labor can only work in traditional agricultural sector and traditional industrial sector because they lack relevant knowledge and cannot engage in modern economic activities which create a great deal of fortune. Besides, the difference of ability to use information technology and obtain useful information between people from different countries and different social groups leads to the Matthew Effect. Because of digital information technology, rich become richer and poor become poorer; developed countries become more developed and underdeveloped countries become more underdeveloped. Therefore, ICTs benefit people and countries on the advantage si de of digital divide and widen the development gap between those â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots†. Thirdly, international digital divide hinders the economic development of developing countries. In the information economy era, ICT plays a vital role in the enhancement of productivity, creativity and competitiveness of a country, and information and talented people become vital endogenous variables. In that case, the advantages of cheap labor and abundant land and resources in developing countries are weakened, and the international competitiveness of developing countries is lowered. In developing countries, most people work in primary and secondary industry, and only a few people engage in ICTs related work. In china, only 200 million Internet users engaged in E-commerce, including online shopping (CNNIC, 2012). Raven, Huang and Kim (2007) thought there were many obstacles in using the Internet and e-commerce in developing countries, such as low demand of commercial network integration caused by poverty, and lack of infrastructure to participate in network commercial activities be cause of no support from government. Inactive involvement in digital economy hinders developing countries from benefiting from increasingly growing digital economy, which increases the economic gap between developing countries and developed countries. As developing countries lagged far behind developed countries at first and disadvantaged is intensified by digital divide, developing countries suffer from serious asymmetric information and have less opportunities to create fortune. To conclude, digital divide increases the differences of economic development between countries and negatively affect the economic development of developing and underdeveloped countries. Finally, digital divide also causes digital hegemony. Some countries which have monopoly in digital technology field obstruct and suppress the freedom of using and developing information technology for other countries and impose their own values and ideologies on other countries in order to benefit themselves. Digital divide provides opportunities for those countries to carry out digital hegemony. For example, until 2002, US had 4.11 million to 4.12 million Internet hosts, which occupied more than 80% of the total amount of hosts in the world (Norris, 2000). Besides, most information on the Internet was provided by the United States. US government uses its absolute advantage on the Internet to conduct ideological and cultural infiltration into other countries. US tries to dominate other countries in digital field and control users’ computers instead of letting users control their own computers. In conclusion, the development of ICTs has greatly changed the way people live and work and become a driver of the expansion of economic globalization. Besides, it brings about opportunities for developing countries. However, there’s a huge digital divide between people with different genders, races, socio-economics status and nationalities. Digital divide causes two main problems. Firstly, digital divide intensifies unfair allocation of social wealth and other social conflicts. It turns information poor into real poor. Lack of information means lack of opportunities to make fortune, and limited money means limited access to ICTs. Those who cannot access to ICT cannot benefit from ICT. Digital divide forms a loop of poverty for the poor. Secondly, digital divide brings about challenges to developing countries. As the progress of ICT promotes social and economic development, digital divide widens the gap of national power between developed countries and developing countries as well as threats international security and stability. Therefore, problems caused by digital divide should draw attention from governments, international organizations and academia. To diminish domestic digital divide, government should narrow wealth gap nationally as well as identify people who are on the disadvantage side of digital divide and effectively support them. Diminishing domestic digital divide maintains social stability and promotes the balanced development of a country. To diminish international digital divide, developing and underdeveloped countries need to invest more in constructing of infrastructure of ICTs. Governments need to invest largely in education and skills training to cultivate a large number of information literate or qualified personnel who have the ability to innovate and master advanced technology. Besides, developed countries should break technological monopoly and support developing and underdeveloped countries financially and technologically. Furthe rmore, international organizations need to financially support developing and underdeveloped countries to construct infrastructure of ICTs and provide opportunities for technical personnel from these countries to go to developed countries to learn advanced technology and be trained. Diminishing international digital divide not only narrows the gap of national power between countries but also balances global economic development. Above all, digital divide is a vital issue which needs to be pay attention to.

The Life of Joseph Conrad Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Life of Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad was born Joseph Teodor Konrad Korzenioski in 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine. He officially changed his name to Joseph Conrad in 1886, when he became a British citizen (Liukkonen). Although Conrad discouraged people from interpreting his literature through analysis his life, his life did shape his writing. Much of his anti-imperialistic views could have sprouted in childhood, when he was under the rule of Russians the Ukraine. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was arrested for suspicious involvement in revolutionary activities (online-literature). Apollo spent much time writing plays and social satires. Although his works were not well known, they gave Joseph an early appreciation for literature. Apollo died of tuberculosis in 1869, four years the same disease claimed his wife, Conrad’s mother. Joseph, only 11, was sent to live with his uncle in Switzerland (online-literature). He went to school for a few years before convincing his uncle to let him go to sea in the mid 1870's. In that decade he made three trips to the Wes...

Renting and Company

THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan Ill. The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsidize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercialcomplexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitation, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attainment of the m ain objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3.To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non ­ exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invention which m ay seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise tum to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture ­ stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company's property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or otherwise, without -I- THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be situated in the State of Rajasthan III. The objects for which the Company is established are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as promoters, dealers, owners, investors, developers, agents, brokers of land, building, estates or any other structural or work of any kind whatsoever, whether rural, urban, residential, commercial or industrial and to acquire, purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or by any other means obtain ownership of and/or options over any freehold or other property of any tenure, state or interest or any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, land and building, to improve, alter, furnish, construct, promote, develop, finance or subsi dize the same and to dispose of or maintain, assist in sale of the same, to build townships, buildings, residential, Colonies, factories, industries, warehouses, shops, cultural, sports or recreational commercial complexes, shopping malls including restaurants and hotels, markets or conveniences thereon or to equip the same or any part thereof with all or any amenities or conveniences, drainage, sanitation, facility, electricity, air-conditioning, internet, water, telephone and television installation and to deal with the same in any manner whatsoever, and to build, take on lease, and/or rent, purchase or acquire in any manner whatsoever any apartment, houses, flats, rooms, floors or other accommodation and to let or dispose of the on installment basis, hire purchase basis, deferred payment basis or by outright sale whether by private treaty or by public auction or in any other mode of disposition all or any integral part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE attai nment of the main objects are: 1. To employ or enter into agreement with manger, engineers, accountants, mechanics masons, carpenters, cutters, welders, builders, repairers, painters, electricians, scaffold, sellers laborers and other persons for the objects of the company. 2. To purchase or otherwise acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business property and assets, liabilities of persons or company carrying on any business similar to the main objects of the company and which the company is authorized to carry on. 3.To invest any surplus money not immediately required by the company in such investments other then shares or stock in this company as may be thought proper and to hold or sell such investments. 4. To purchase or otherwise acquire any patents, patent-rights, secret processes inventions concessions, licenses, right and privileges and the like, conferring and exclusive of non- exclusive or limited right to use, any secret or other information as to any invent ion which may seem capable to being used for any of the purposes of the company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the company and use, exercise, develop or grant, licenses, in respect of or otherwise turn to account the property, rights of information so acquired. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the rules framed there under the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time as may be applicable to borrow or raise or secure the payment of the money in such manner as the Company may think fit and in particular by the issue of bonds, debentures or debenture- stock, perpetual or otherwise, whether constituting a charge upon all or any parts of the Company's property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without constituting a charge as aforesaid and to receive money on deposit, on interest or otherwise, and to lend, advance or deposit money, on interest or ot herwise, without security, to companies, firms or persons on such terms as may seem expedient, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 6.To guarantee the payment of money secured by or payable under or in respect of bonds, debentures, debenture-stock, contracts, mortgages, charges, obligations and other securities of any company or of any authority whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise, or of any person whosoever, whether incorporated or not incorporated. 7. To enter into partnership or into any arrangement for sharing the profits or joint adventure with any person, firm or company carrying on or about to carry on any business capable of being conducted so as to directly or indirectly this Company and to acquire or join in the acquiring of any such business. 8.To sell or dispose of the undertaking of the Company or any part thereof for such consideration as the Company may think fit and in pa rticulars for shares, fully or partly paid, debentures, debenture-stock (redeemable or perpetual) or securities of any other company having objects altogether or in part similar to those of this Company, and to distribute any such shares, debentures, debenture-stock or securities, amongst the members of this Company, either by way of dividends or upon any return of capital, subject to the provisions of the law in force. 9. To allot shares in this Company to be considered as fully or partly paid up on payment of any property of whatever description which the Company may acquire. 10. To sell, improve, manage, work, develop, lease, mortgage, charge, hypothecate, deposit by way of loan or otherwise dispose of, turn to account or otherwise deal with all or any part of the property of the Company whenever or however acquired. 11. To procure the Company to be recognized or registered in any foreign place of country. 12.To merge, reconstruct amalgamate with or without winding up with any co mpany or companies having objects altogether or in part, similar to those of the present Company. 13. To promote any company or companies for the purpose of acquiring all or any of the property or liabilities of this Company or for any other purpose which may seem directly or indirectly calculated to benefit this Company and to underwrite, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire all or any part of the shares or securities of any such company as aforesaid. 14. To enter into arrangement with any authorities whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or otherwise that may seem conducive to the Company’s objects or any one of them, and to acquire by grant, purchase or otherwise from any such authority any rights, grants, rivileges and concessions of property or otherwise which the Company may think it desirable to obtain and to carry out, exercise and comply with any such arrangements, privileges and concessions. 15. To obtain or assist in obtaining any provisional or other order or li cense or any Act to Parliament or Law, Order or Charter of any Legislature of Government, for enabling the Company to carry any of its objects into effect. 16. To draw, make, accept, endorse, discount, execute and issue promissory notes, bills of exchange, bills of lading, warrants, orders, debentures and other negotiable or transferable instruments, and in that the Company shall not carry on the business of banking as defined in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 17.To grant pensions, allowances, gratuities and bonus to the employees or ex-employees of the Company or the dependents of such persons, and to establish and support or to aid in the establishment and support of associations, institutions, funds, trusts and convenience (except associations or institutions formed for the purposes of Life Insurance)calculated to benefit employees or ex-employees of the Company or its predecessors in business or the relatives, dependents of such persons and to subscribe or guarantee money to and for charitable or benevolent objects or for any exhibition or for any public, general or useful objects. 18. To remunerate the servants of the Company and others out of and in proportion to the profits of the Company, or otherwise, as the Company may think fit. 19. To remunerate any person or Company for service rendered about the formation or promotion of the Company or the conduct of its business. 20. To pay out of the funds of the Company all costs, charges, and expenses preliminary and incidental to the promotion, formation, establishment and registration of the Company. 21.To take into consideration and to approve and confirm all acts, deeds or things that may be done or entered into with any person, firm or body corporate by the promoters of the Company and further to enter into any arrangement, agreement or contract with the promoters and/or to reimburse them in or in connection with the formation or promotion of the Company. 22. To adopt such means of making known to the public, the business of the Company as may seem expedient and in particulars by advertising in the press, by circulars and by publications of books and periodicals 23. In the event of winding up of the Company to distribute any of the property of the Company in specie amongst the members but to distribution amounting to a reduction in Capital be made, without obtaining the sanction of the relevant authority as may be required under the law for the time being in force. 24.To place, to reserve or to Issue bonus shares among distribute as dividends or bonus among the members or otherwise to apply, as the Company may form time to time think fit, any moneys received by way of premium on shares or debentures issued at a premium by the Company and moneys arising from the sale by the Company of forfeited shares, subject, however, to the provisions of the law for the time being in force. 25. To communicate with and /or give aid-pecuniary or otherwise, to any association body or movement hav ing for its objects and solution, settlement of surmounting of industrial or labour problems for the promotion of industry or trade. 26.Subject to section 293A of the Companies Act, 1956 to subscribe in or donate to or guarantee money for any national philanthropic, charitable, benevolent, public general or useful object to any person, fund or organization, association or institution or for any purpose which may be likely directly or indirectly to further the objects of the Company or interest of its members. 27. To subscribe to, become a member of subsidiary and cooperate with any other association, whether incorporated or not, whose objects are altogether or in part similar to those of the Company and to procure from and communicate to any such association, such information as may be likely to further the objects of the company. 28.To acquire by purchase, lease, concession, grant, license or otherwise, such lands, buildings, minerals, waterworks, plants, machinery, stock-in-trade, stores, rights, privileges, easements and other property, as may from time to time be deemed necessary for carrying on the business of the Company, and build or erect upon any land of the Company howsoever acquired such manufactories, workshops, warehouses, offices, residence and other buildings and to erect such machinery and construct such roads, ways, tramways, railway branches or sidings, bridges, reservoirs, watercourses, hydraulic works. 29. To acquire form any person, firm or body corporate or unincorporated, whether in India or elsewhere, technical information, know-how, processes, engineering, manufacturing and operating date, plans, layout and blue-prints, useful for the design, erection and operation of plant required for the business of the Company and to acquire any grant or license and other rights and benefits in the foregoing matters and things. 30.To insure with any other company, firm or persons against losses, damages and risk all kinds which may effect the Compa ny, provided that nothing herein contained shall empower the Company to carry on the business of life assurance, accident assurance, fire assurance, employees, liability assurances, industrial assurance, motor assurance or any business of insurance or reinsurance within the meaning of the Insurance Act. 1983 or any Act amending, extending or re-enacting the same. 31. To create any depreciation fund, reserve fund, insurance fund, or any other special fund whether for depreciation or repairs, replacement, improvement, extension or maintenance of any of the properties of the Company or by way of Development Rebate Reserve, or for redemption of debentures or redeemable preference shares or for any other purpose conducive to the interest of the Company. 32.To carry on the other business in any part of the world whether manufacturing or otherwise that may seem to the Company capable of being conveniently carried on in connection with the above objects or calculated directly or indirectly to enhance the value of or render profitable any of the Company's property or rights or which it may be advisable to undertake with a view to improving, developing, rendering, valuable or turning to account any property, real or personal, belonging to the Company or in which the Company may be interested and to do all or any of the above things, either as principals, agents, trustees, contractors or otherwise and either alone or in conjunction with others, and either by or through agents, subcontractors trustees or otherwise. (C) OTHER OBJECTS 1. To Purchase, take on lease or otherwise acquire any mines or quarries, mining rights, land, contracts, works and premises believed to contain various types of marble, granite, sand and lime stone, silica sand and to work, establish, explore, develop, exercise, process treat or deal in the aterial including by-products of mining and to establish factory for processing, finishing treating or conversion of the same into industrial and saleable material. 2. To act as financial, investment and management consultants, agents, brokers, Sub-brokers and representatives and to sell and advice about various schemes of investment small savings and banking services and for this purpose to apply approach acquire, hold and procure such rights title, entitlements, registrations, Licenses and permission from Government, Semi Government, Financial Institution, Companies, mutual funds, local authorities, public bodies, undertakings, banking companies, Reserve Bank of India and from other authorities as may be necessary and expedient. 3.To carry on business of electrical engineers, electricians, engineers, contractors, manufacturer, suppliers, importer, exporter, assembler, repairer, converter and dealer in all type of all electrical appliance, components, devices, disconnectors, transmission line, conductors, hardware, accessories, switchgears, clamps, connectors, distribution, and power transformers, instruments transformers, control p anels, structural and general fabrication, isolating switches, dropout fuses, stay assemblies, cables wirelines, dry cells, accumulators and all other electrical goods and their allied product required or capable of being used in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, supply accumulation and employment of electricity including high tention lines and extra high voltage field. 4. To carry on the business of garage keepers and suppliers of and dealers in petrol, electricity and other motive power for motor and other things. 5.To carry on the business of manufacturing, marketing, buying, selling, importing, exporting and to function as stockiest, suppliers, distributors, storers, warehousers, C ; F Agents and consignee agents of all kinds of pharmaceuticals, medical, chemical preparations, and compounds, medicines, herbal products, drugs and formulations, surgical and scientific equipment, appliances and accessories of all kinds and description. 6. To manufacture pu rchase or otherwise acquire and sell, dispose of, import, export exchange, hold and deal in diamonds, gems and stone (including kharad) whether precious or semi-precious, synthetic or imitation, bullion, ornament, jewellery consisting wholly or partly of gems and stones, precious metals and articles made therefrom, pearls, whether real or cultured, historical coins, handicraft goods, paintings, Sandalwood goods cutlery, blue Pottery and chinaware, costume curious articles and antiques. 7.To carry on the business of importers, exporters, buyers, sellers, stockiest, suppliers distributors, dealers, hirers, repairers, cleaners, storers and warehouser of automobiles, motor cars, lorries and vans, motor – cycles, cycle-cars, motors, scooters, carriages, amphibious vehicles and vehicles suitable for propulsion on land, sea or in the air or in any combination thereof and vehicles of all descriptions (all hereinafter comprised in the term â€Å"motors and other things†), wheth er propelled or assisted by means of petrol spirit, steam, gas, electrical, animal or other power, and of engines, chassis, bodies and other components, parts and accessories and all machinery, implements, utensils appliances, apparatuses, lubricants, solution, enamels and all things capable of being used for, in or in connection with manufacture maintenance and working of motors and other things or in the construction of any track or surface adopted for the use thereof. 8.To carry on the business of purchasing, selling whether on payment of full amount on or installment basis, exchanging, planning, managing, running, improving, developing, protecting, maintaining, controlling, supervising, disposing off, reclaiming letting or getting on hire, lease contract or otherwise dealing in agriculture farms, forests, gardens, forest products, nursery, pastures, crops, trees, leaves, orchards, estates, fields, plantations, farm houses, wasteland, barren land, arid lands, live stock and plann ing managing, running improving, developing, maintaining, protecting, controlling, supervising, reclaiming, letting or getting on lease, hire, contract or otherwise dealing in deserts, water resources, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams, cacals, wells, natural resources, environment and any other properties or any rights, privileges or easements therein whether belonging to company or not or whether for others or on own account and to carry on technical researches, experiments, development, tests, inventions and provide consultancy services in agriculture, animal husbandry, pollution control and forest environment and land development. 9. To carry on business as Custom House Agents, Custom Clearing Agents, Freight contractors, Shipping Agents, Clearing and forwarding agents, Licensing Agents, Air Freight Agents, Post and Insurance Agents and all kind of agencies business and general brokers. 10. To carry on the business of booking cargoes and luggage of the public in general and of companys constituents in particular with every type of carrier, in particular with air lines, steamship lines, railway and road carriers. 11.To carry on the business of buying, selling, importing, exporting, trading or otherwise deal in consumer products merchandise, provisions, food stuff and commodities of all kinds and description requisite for personal, household and industrial use and consumption, either finished, semi finished or raw material, including at footwears, decorative items, gift items, utility items, utencils, garments, pieces of arts, antiques, handicrafts machinery, equipments, electronic items, toys, capital goods or any other item and to act as an import and export house and to perform all the functions and undertake all activities connected therewith including obtaining and dealing in licenses, quotas, certificate and other rights. 12. To carry on business of designing, processing, manufacturing of all kinds of engineering and electronic items. 13.To carry on the busin ess of manufacturing, processing, manipulating crushing, importing, exporting, buying, selling or otherwise dealing in fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and other allied products. 14. To carry on the business of manufacturers and suppliers, erectors or fabricators or otherwise dealers in all kinds of plant, machinery and equipments, stores, tools, gadgets, wire drawers, tubes, boilers and other mechanical and electrical and electronic products, devices, contraptions, instruments, spares and components and to procure agencies for the same and to develop, acquire supply plans, drawings, estimates, project-reports and know- how for industries, business, Companies, services and public bodies and Government. 15.To purchase, acquire, take on lease, sub-lease or License or exchange, hire, construct, manage, control or otherwise carry on the business of cinema hall, theatres, studio, picture places, multiplex theatres, or for purpose of exhibition of films, dramatic or theatrical perfor mances, concerts or other entitlements or amusements and to provide for the production, direction exhibition, representation, displays, whether by mechanicals means or otherwise and to carry on the business of films, talkies, exhibitors, producers distributors and directors of films and any activities relating to stage performance. 16. To manufacture assemble, fit, repair, convert, overhaul after maintain and mprove all types of electronic components, devices, equipments and appliances equipments such as television and wireless apparatus including radio receivers and transmitters, tap recorders broadcast relay and receition equipments phonographs and other equipments used an in or for audio and visual communications apparatus and equipments including those using electromagnetic waves intended for radio-telegraphic or radio-telephonic communication photocopiers electric lighting controls, continuos fan/motor speed controls continuous flashers and fire alarm systems, digital and other electronic clock time relay punch card machines electromechanical pneumatic controls computers and automatic calculators X – rays machines tubes surgical medical and other appliances intended for slectro and other therapy treatment and in all types of tapes magnetic and otherwise photographic films projectors and carriers and capicitors resistance condensors semi-condensors transistors recifiers integrated and hybrid circults relays potentiometer connectors printed circuits coils chocks transformers switches volume controls plugs sockers aerial gears diodes and allied items intended for used in electronic device and in air conditioners automobiles refrigators washing machine heaters and cooking renges and other types of domestic appliances and any type of equipments used in the generation transmission and receiving of sound light and electrical impulses and component parts thereof and other materials used in or in connection with electronic and electrical industries 17.To ca rry on the business of farming, horticulture, floriculture, sericulture, tissuculture, green houses, red houses, drips irrigation, sericulture, dairies, cultivation of all kinds of food grains, seeds oil-seeds, fruits, flowers, hohoba, proprietors of orachards and traders, importers, exports, sellers, buyers and dealers in aof products farming horticulture, floriculture, sericulture and fishing and to carry on the business of growers manufacturers, traders grinders, rollers, processors, storers, cold canneres and preservers and dealers of poultry products fodder, fruits, dehydrated, canned or converted agricultural products provisions, food, vegetable herbs flowers and to extract by-products and derivatives whether edible, pharmaceutical, medicinal, or of any kind of nature whether and food preparation of every kind and description and to carry on the business of tissue cultural laboratories, production of plant manufacturing of agro products and extraction of oils floriculture acti vities and providing consultancy for the above referred objects, whether in India or elsewhere. 18.To purchases take on lease, hire, erect, construct, build, alter, equip, maintain or otherwise acquire, establish, run, manage, administer own and to carry on the business of running, Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Inns, holiday homes, guest houses, refreshment rooms and lodging apartments, housekeepers, night clubs, casinos, discotheques musement and entertainment parks, swimming pools, health clubs, dressing rooms, library play ground, licensed victualers, wine, beer and spirit merchants, dealers, and manufacture of aerated and artificial water and other in India or in any part of the world and to act as agents of any hotel and to perform all and singular the several duties, services which any hotel company usually do and perform. IV. The liability of the members is limited. V. The authorised capital of the Company is RS. 1,00,000/- (Rupees One lakhs) divided into 10,000 ( Ten thousand Equ ity Shares of Rs. 10/- (Rupees. Ten) each. We, the several persons whose names and addresses are subscribed, are desirous of being formed into Company in pursuance of this Memorandum of Association, and we respectively agree to take the number of shares in the capital of the Company set opposite our respective names: – Sl. No. | Signatures, Names, Description, Addresses and Occupations of the Subscribers| No. f Equity Shares taken by each Subscribers| Signatures, Names, Addresses Description and Occupations of Witness| 1. 2. 3| Sd/- PRABHA CHAND CHANDWAR PRABHA CHAND CHANDWARD-32, PRADHAN PATH, CHOMU HOUSE,C-SCHEME, JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- AMIT CHANDWAR AMIT CHANDWARF-65, SUBHASH MARG, C-SCHEME,JAIPUR BUSINESSSd/- ANUJ JAIN ANUJ JAIN BAZAR NO 1,CHANDWAR HOUSE, RAMGANJ MANDI, KOTABUSINESS| 3400 (Three Thousand four hundred)3300 (Three Thousand three hundred)3300( Three thousand three hundred| I Witness the signature of both subscribersSd/- Vijay K. Jain(VIJAY K. JAIN)S/o Shri Amar Chand JainB. Khosla ; Co; M I Road, JaipurM No. 70758| | | 10000 ( Ten thousand)| | Place: JAIPUR Date: 12th day of September, 2012